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APPLETONS’
ATLAS of the UNITED STATES
CONSISTING OF
GENERAL MAPS OF THE UNITED STATES
AND TERRITORIES
AND A COUNT Ar MAP OF EACH OF THE STATES
TOGETHER WITH
DESCRIPTIVE TEXT OUTLINING THE HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY, AND POLITICAL AND
EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS OF THE STATES
WITH LATEST STATISTICS OF THEIR RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES
NEW YORK
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
1888
Copyright, 1887,
By D. APPLETON AND COMPANY.
V j\V\ \ 0 (9 © . i ^ % 9
CON T E N T S
LIST or MAPS.
MAP OF THE UNITED STATES— Eastern Part.
THIRTY-EIGHT COUNTY MAPS OF THE STATES.
MAP OF THE UNITED STATES— Western Part.
Maps in Text.
PAGE
Map of Yosemite Valley .5
Map of Principal New England Railways .21
Map of the Pacific Railways 26
Map of Through Railways South and East of Omaha 35
Map of Yellowstone Park 49
DESCRIPTIVE TEXT.
PAGE
PAGE
United States .
o
l
Mississippi .
<1 0
. 24
Alabama
.
2
Missouri
o o
. 25
Arkansas .
• »
o
3
Nebraska .
. 27
California .
4
Nevada
. 28
The Yosemite Valley
5
New Hampshire
. 29
Colorado .
6
New Jersey
. 30
Connecticut
7
New York .
. 31
Delaware .
8
North Carolina
. 33
Florida
9
Ohio .
. 34
Georgia
10
Oregon
. 36
Illinois
11
Pennsylvania
. 37
Indiana
12
Rhode Island .
. 39
Iowa .
13
South Carolina
. 40
Kansas
14
Tennessee .
. 41
Kentucky .
15
Texas .
. 42
Louisiana .
16
Chart showing Cotton -Crops under
Free and
Chart showing Occupations
OF
THE
People
OF
Slave Labor
. 43
the United
States
17
V ERMONT
. 44
Maine .
18
Virginia
. 45
Maryland .
.
19
West Virginia .
. 46
Massachusetts .
20
Wisconsin .
. 47
Michigan .
22
The Territories
0
00
Minnesota .
.
0
23
Yellowstone Park
• 0
O
. 49
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Longitude °*nt
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Mi KANSAS.
Historical.— The name, derived from the
Indian, signifies “ smoky water,” with a French
prefix meaning “how." The State was origi-
nally a portion of the Louisiana Territory pur-
chased from tlie French in 1803. When the
State of Louisiana was admitted in 1812, the
remaining portion was organized as Missouri
Territory, which name it held till 18)9, when
Missouri formed a State Constitution, and Ar-
kansas became a Territory under its present
name. It became a State in 1836. Thepeople
passed the ordinance of secession on May 6, 1801.
During the late civil war the principal battles
fought within the State boundaries were Pea
Ridge, Prairie Grove, Arkansas Post, and Hel-
ena. Arkansas was temporarily reorganized as
a State in the Union in 186-1, but it was rele-
gated .to military government under the recon-
struction acts of 1867. The new Constitution
was adopted in 1868, and the State resumed permanent Federal
relations.
Geographical. The State consists of 75 counties, and lies be.
tween hit. 83° and 86° 60' N. and Ion. sip 45' and 94° 40' W. Its area
is 53,850 sq. in. with a length of 310 m. and a width varying from
170 to 250 in. It is bounded N. by Missouri, E. by St. Francis River,
separating it from Missouri, and the Mississipi.' separating it from
Tennessee and Mississippi, S. by Louisiana, S. W. by Texas, and
W. by the Indian Territory. The Ozark Mountains, rising to an
altitude of not more than 2,000 ft.., cross the N. W. part of the
State. 15. of this range and N. of the Arkansas River are the Bos-
ton or Black Hills, and S. of the river just named runs the Waehita
range. The E. portion of the State is low, flat, and swampy, full
of small lakes, and annually overflowed by the floods of the great
rivers. The central part is hill and forest, interspersed with roll-
ing prairie, and the west and northwest portions mountainous and
parti y an elevated plateau. Arkansas is full of navigable streams
The Mississippi washes the main length of its eastern border, and
one of its largest tributaries, the Arkansas, passes through the
State from N. W. to S. E., rising in the Rocky Mountains, and pur-
suing a tortuous course of 500 in., being everywhere navigable
within the State limits. The Red River' rising in New Mexico,
flows through the S. W. part of the State. The St. Francis, rising
in Missouri, bounds the State for a short distance, cuts the N. E.
portion, and empties into the Mississippi at Helena. Though 450
in. long, it is navigable only 150 in., and then only a portion of the
year, navigation being made difficult by rafts and snags, ob-
stacles common to some of the most important rivers of the State.
White River, rising in N. W. Arkansas, after passing into Missouri,
returns, and, running zigzag S. E., flows into the Mississippi. It
is 600 m. long, and is navigable 260 m. The Waehita. which is
navigable for 350 m., and empties into the Red River near its
junction with the Mississippi in Louisiana, rises in W. Arkansas
and runs S. and S. E. through the most beautitul portion of the
State.
Natural Resources. — The State in its development so far is
mostly agricultural. The rich river-bottoms yield profuse crops
of cottonl corn, tobacco, sweet-potatoes, and fruits. The uplands
in the center, N. and W. portion of the State, produce good crops
of wheat, oats, barley, and other grains, and have vast grazing
lands. The mineral wealth promises greatly in the future. Can-
nel, anthracite, and bituminous coal-beds abound on the banks
of the Arkansas River. Iron-ore of the best quality is common in
the Ozark Hills, and extensive beds of zinc are also found. Lead-
mines abound, and gold is found at various points. Manganese is
found in many places, and there is a larger supply of gypsum
than in any other State. An enormous bed of superior oil-stone
exists in the Waehita Valley. Salt of good quality is produced
from the saline springs of the same region. The mineral springs
of the State are celebrated for then- sanitary value in many dis-
eases.
Principal Places Little Rock, capital, metropolis, and rail-
way center ; Hot Springs, one of the noted winter sanitariums of
the country, of great repute for the medicinal value of its thermal
baths ; Fort Smith, railway and manufacturing center.
Population. — (U. S. census, 1880.) Total, 805,525 ; male, 416,-
279 ; female, 386.216 ; native, 792,175 ; foreign, 10,350 : white, 591,-
531 ; colored, 210,666 ; Chinese, 133 ; Indians. 195. The State, by the
U. S. census, has no cities of more than 4,000, except Little Rock,
13,138. It was claimed that the city had reached nearly 25,000 in 1885.
Finances According to State report of 1885. the amount of
State debt was $5,108,043, mostly at 6 per cent, interest. There
were also $1,986,733 levee bonds, $5,350,000 railway-aid bonds, and
$3,694,644 other disputed debt. State receipts for the year were
$1,455,120 ; the State expenditures for the year, $515,605. Amount
raised by taxation. $966,000. Amount of taxable property, as as-
sessed 1883, real, $78,444,227 : personal, $48,382,167 : railroad, $6,-
348,514 : total, $133,174,908. Amount of real and personal prop-
erty, 1885, as assessed exclusive of railroads in 1885. $134,406,625.
Estimated true valuation of property in the State (census of 1880),
$246,000,000. Gain since census of '1870, $89,605,309. Per capita,
$307. Internal revenue paid, 1885, $87,292. State tax, 7 mills on
the dollar ; school poll-tax, $1.
Commercial.— The chief exports are cotton, corn. wool, hides,
and lumber, which find a market in New Orleans, through which
port Arkansas receives her foreign merchandise. A thriving do-
mestic commerce is carried on along the Mississippi, the Arkan-
sas, and other navigable streams. A large portion of the com-
merce passes through Little Rock, the capital. According to
State reports, the receipts and disbursements of the city may be
set at $50,000,000 per annum, including cotton, $4,500,000 ; grocer-
3
ies. $6,500,000 : dry-goods. $2, 500, (XX) : meats.
$1,500,000; hardware. 2.000,000 ; feedstock and
grain. $3.000,000 ; $30,000,000 is estimated for
real-estate transacts ms and manufacturing.
The city has tlirce national hanks, with $3,500 -
000 capital.
Educational. Attendance on the public
schools is compulsory, unless tin- pupil attends a
private school. According toU. S, census. 1880, out
of 531,876 population there were 153.299 persons
over ten years who could not read. The aggre-
gate white and colored who could not write
readied 202,015, 98.521 of these being white. The
school statistics for 1884 gave the State a school
population of 316,356 : num her enrolled in public
schools, 156,213. The total expenditures for
school purposes were $729,168.31. There are 5
colleges in Arkansas, wit li 39 instructors and
895 students, of which the value of grounds .and
buildings is ‘$109,000. The more important of these are at Little
Rock. The State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts,
provided for by the congressional grant of 150,000 acres of land
and accepted by the Legislature in 1868, is not yet established-
Political. — Membei’s of the House are elected for two years.
Senators for four years. Legislature meets biennially. Residence
in the State for six months is necessary to the right of voting or of
holding office. Executive power is vested in Governor, Lieutenant-
Governor, Secretary of State. Auditor, Treasurer. Attorney .Gen-
eral, and Superintendent of Public Instruction, elected for four
years. Judiciary consists of Supreme Court of five judges, the
Chief- Justice being ’appointed by the Governor, the ot hers elected
by the people ; and of ten Circuit and Inferior Courts, the judges of
which are all appointed by the Governor. The number of electoral
votes is 7 : number of voters, 182,977 : native white, 129,675 : foreign
white, 6,475 ; colored 46,827. The legal rate of interest is 6 per
cent.
Agriculture.— The number of farms is 94,433, the average
value of cleared land being $11.78 per acre, of woodland $3.4s per
acre. The corn-crop of 1884 was 32.465.000 bushels ; wheat. 1.885,-
000 bushels : cotton, 513,000 bales. These figures may he corn-
red with the statistics of the staples for 1885 gathered by the
S. Department of Agriculture :
CLASSES. Acres. Bushels. ! Total value.
Corn 1.808.327 38.309,000 $17,022,140
Wheat 240,997 1.565,000 1.565.000
Oats 251.284 5,313,000 2.390.850
Rye 4.114 27.000 21.393
Potatoes 12,268 932,000 615,363
Hay 29,701 29,701 j 326,711
Bales.
Cotton 1,348,048 610.666 15,226,612
Lbs.
Tobacco 2,294 1,606.000 I 112,406
It is claimed that Arkansas produces more cotton to the acre, with
less expense, than any other State, and that not more than one-
twentieth of the available land has been utilized for this purpose.
Manufactures and Mining.— The U. S. census gives Arkan-
sas 1,202 manufacturing establishments, employing 4,557 opera-
tives, and a capital of $2,958,103 : wages paid. $925,358; value of
materials, $4,392,080 ; value of products, $6,756,159. The principal
divisions are given in the subjoined table :
CLASSES.
Capital in-
vested.
W^pai4. Va“-
Value of
products.
Blaeksmithing
$76,621
$49,930
$67,067
$210,195
Carpentering
Flour- and grist - mill
21,195
56,455
86,945
199,625
products
810,915
97,614 1.979.307
2,249,289
Lumber
1,067,840
237.394 1.070.395
1.793,848
Cotton-seed oil and cake
275,000
79,400
378,000
590,000
Woolen goods
85,550
13,226
85,972
127,430
The coal-fields of the State cover 12.000 sq. m., but have been
but little developed. The production of 1885 was about 150.000
tons, a considerable portion of it anthracite. The smelting of iron
is in its infancy, though very valuable ores are known to exist in
the Ozark Hills. The valuable lead and zinc deposits are also un-
worked. The yield of manganese in 1885 was 1 ,483 long tons, value
$5,392. Novaculite, or oil-stone, produced 550,000 lbs. Salt and
gypsum are worked for limited local use.
Railways.— The State, according to reports in 1885, had 1.098
m. built anil 405 m. in operation. The capital stock represented
was $13,936,909 : funded debt. $21,394,510 ; total investment, $41,-
940,456 : cost of railroads and equipment, $42,170,525. The gross
earnings from passengers were $602,447 : from freight, $782,280 ;
from all sources, $1,499,415 ; and the net earnings were $520,404.
The interest paid on bonds amounted to $214,635. There has been
an important railway development in this State within the last
two years, new railways built, and old ones completed for traffic
or extended. Arkansas lies in the direct route of the great stream
of traffic between Chicago and St. Louis and the Southwest.
Relative Rank Arkansas ranks sixteenth in area, twenty-
sixth in population, and sixth in cotton.
Moro
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CALIFORNIA.
Historical.— The name, signifying “hot
furnace,1' is derived from the Spanish.
Though discovered by Sir Francis Drake in
1578, it was first settled by the Spaniards in
1708, at San Diego. Lower California, how-
ever. was settled by the Jesuit missionaries
in 1083. Spanish power was overthrown by
the Mexican Revolution of 1822. By the
treaty of peace which followed the Mexican
War, California was ceded to the United
States for $15,000,000 in 1847. At this time
the white population amounted to only
15,000. In February, 1848, gold was dis-
covered by Col. Sutter, a verification of
Humboldt s prophecy more than a dozen
years before. The emigration from all
parts of the world was unparalleled, soon
increasing the population to a quarter of a
million. The State was admitted to the
Union on Sept. 9, 1850.
Geographical. — California is remark-
able for its length and sea-coast line, ex-
tending between lat. 33° 20' and 42° N. This
would correspond on the Atlantic coast to the relative latitudes of
Newport, It. I., and Charleston, S. C. It is 770 m. long by about
150 m. to 330 m. in breadth, average 230 m. In area it is the sec-
ond State in the Union, being 158,300 sq. m. It is divided into 52
counties, and is bounded N. by Oregon, E. by Nevada and Arizona,
S. by Mexico (Lower California), and W. by the Pacific Ocean.
Two great ranges of mountains, the Sierra Nevada. (Snowy Mount-
ains) and the Coast Range, traverse the State, parallel to each
other. They unite on the S. in Mt. San Bernardino, 11,600 ft. high,
and on the N. are joined by a transverse range in which is Mt.
Shasta, 14.442 ft. high. The highest peak is Mt. Whitney, 15,000
ft... in the S. section. Other notable peaks are Lassen’s, 10.577 ft. :
Downieville Buttes. 8,500 ; Pilot Peak, 7,300 ; Castle Peak, 13,000 ;
Mt. Tyndall, 14,386 ; Mt. Brewer, 13,886 ; Mt. Dana, 13,277. The
Sierra Nevada is 450 m. long and 80 in. wide, with only a few ele-
vated passes, and its top is covered with perpetual snow. The
Coast Range runs close to the sea, is from 2,000 to 4,000 ft. in
height, and is divided by long, narrow valleys. The interlocking
spurs of the Coast Range anti the Sierra Nevada cover all of N.
California and give it a very rugged character. The sea-coast is
more than 700 m. long, anil the principal bays and harbors are
San Diego, Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, Monterey, San Fran-
cisco, Bodega, and Humboldt. San Francisco Harbor is the best
on the coast, and one of the noblest in the world. It is nearly 50
m. long, and the entrance is through the strait called the Golden
Gate, 5 m. long, 1 m. wide. The principal rivers are the Sacra-
mento and the San Joaquin, the former rising in Mt. Shasta, the
latter in the Tulare lakes of the south, running respectively S.
and N., unite near lat. 38°, and run W. into San Francisco Bay.
Many small tributaries swell these rivers. The Sacramento, 370
m. long, is navigable 120 m. from San Francisco ; the San Joaquin,
350 m. long, navigable for steamers about the same distance. The
Klamath, rising in (Oregon, cuts the N. W. corner of the State, emp-
tying into the Pacific ; and the Colorado, forming the S. E. bound-
ary of the State, is navigable 612 m. above its mouth. The great
basin, drained by the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, lying
between the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Mountains, is about
400 m. long by 60 m. wide, is characterized by an equable climate
and a very productive soil. The same thing may be said of the
other river-valleys. The numerous valleys lying between the
Coast Range and the ocean, and intersecting the mountains, are
also marvels of climate and fertility.
Natural Resources. — No State presents more notable natu-
ral resources. It is rich in gold, silver, quicksilver, iron, copper,
platinum, lead, tin, and zinc, besides precious stones, marbles, and
other building-stone. Valuable deposits of coal, borax, salt, and
sulphur are scattered through different parts of the State, and
fine varieties of porcelain and fire clay are known to exist. The
mineral springs are numerous and of a remarkable character.
The vegetable products of the State are no less important. All the
fruits and cereals of the temperate zones are produced through-
out the State, and S. California also yields many of the luscious
tropical fruits in abundance. Grape-culture is one of the most
important Industrie;, and California makes more wine than all
the rest of the country. The forests that clothe the mountain
slopes are utilized for lumber, which has become a valuable in-
terest.
Climate California has a variety of climates. Nowhere, how-
ever, is there extremity of heat or cold, though there are often
extreme relative variations within twenty-four hours. At San
Francisco the thermometer rarely remains at freezing-point for a
day. The summers are cool, the winters warm. The mean tem-
perature of the coldest month is only 10° below that of the warm-
est. In the Sacramento and San Joaquin basin the mean winter
temperature is 4° below that of the coast, the mean summer tem-
perature from 20° to 30° above. Southern California has a better
climate than that of Italy. Roses bloom all winter, and the air.
peculiarly warm and dry, is exceedingly healthful and favorable
for invalids, particulary consumptives. Monterey, San Diego,
San Bernardino, Los Angeles, and Santa Barbara, have become
famous winter sanitariums. The mean winter climate is about
53°, that for the year about 60°. The year is divided into the wet
and dry seasons, the former corresponding to winter ; and the
average rainfall is from 10 to 22 in., according to part of the
State.
Principal Places San Francisco, metropolis of the Pacific
coa^t and entrepot of the Oriental commerce of the United States :
Sacramento, State capital ; Oakland, residence city and suburb of
San Francisco ; Los Angeles, largest city in S. California, center
of orange-culture, and winter sanitarium ; Stockton, head of navi-
gation San Joaquin River ; San JosO, winter resort and center of
wine and fruit culture.
4
Population. Total. 864.694 : male, 518,-
176 : female, 346,518 : native, 571,820 ; foreign.
292, 81'4 : white, 767,181 ; colored, 6,018 ; Chi-
nese, 75,132 ; Japanese, 86 ; Indians. 10,277.
The population of cities above 5,000 is as fol-
lows : Alameda, 5,708; Los Angeles, 11.138 :
Oakland, 34.555; Sacramento, 21.420; San
Francisco, 233,959 ; San .load, 12.507 ; Stock -
>n. 10,282 ; Vallejo, 5,987. (U. S. census,
1880.)
Railroads.— At the end of J8K| California
had 3,546 m. of road, of which 3,403 in. were
operated. Capital stock was $144,795,001;
funded debt, $137,821,630 ; total investment,
$289,530,342 ; cost of road and equipment,
$297,317,400. The gross earnings from pas-
sengers were $8,2*8.781 ; from freight, $1 4,-
114,837 ; net earnings from all sources. $9.-
809.559. The interest paid on bonds amounted
to $7,002,402 ; the dividend paid on stocks. $1.-
882,110. The increase of railway mileage in
the State for 1885-’80, it is estimated, I las
readied about 500 m.
Relative Rank.— The State stands second in area, twenty-
fifth in population, first in gold, quicksilver, wine, fruit-culture,
barl--\ .ami sheep : third in hops : fifth in w heat and salt : sevi n h
in silk goods ; eighth in silver.
Agricult ure. Tile U. S. census gives the State 35.934 farms.
Average value per acre of cleared land, $27.10 ; of woodland.
$8.55. The leading staple crops for 1885, the latest year for which
statistics can be had, are given below :
CLASSES.
Acres.
Bushels.
Total value.
Corn .
155.200
3.840,000
$2,611,200
Wheat
2,822.400
26,592.000
17,816,640
78,008
2,106,000
1,010.880
Rye
30,105
310,000
235.662
Barley
701,800
12,703,000
10,035,167
Buckwheat
1.243
25,000
16.905
Potatoes
57,491
4.887,000
3,078,643
Hay
939,300
Tons.
1.127,160
12,962,340
Rich soils and a favorable climate combine to adapt the State to
both agriculture and horticulture. California ranks very high in
fruit-growing, and first in wine production. Of fruits of temper-
ate climates it has about 4,500,000 trees : of sub-tropical fruits and
nuts, 350,000 trees ; of grapes, nearly 25,000.000 vines. Closely ap-
proximate estimates of wine-making for 1885 give 17.500.000 gal-
lons, and the yield of the raisin industry was nearly 500,000 boxes.
One of the leading sheep-raising States, its production of wool is
about 9.500,000 lbs.
Manufactures and Mining.— The progress of California in
manufacturing has been fostered by judicious State provisions.
This is specially noteworthy in the silk and woolen mills. The
production of silk-cocoons, for which the climate is so w ell fitted,
lias tended to stimulate the establishment of silk-factories. The
last census statistics gave 5.885 establishments, employing 43.799
hands, and a capital of $21,070,585 ; value of materials, $72,007,709 ;
value of product, $110,227,793. The more important statistics in de-
tail are added :
CLASSES.
Capital.
Wages paid.
Value of
material.
Value of
product.
Agricultural imple-
ments
$389,500
$149,995
$334,035
$586,338
Bags
600,000
233,585
1,715,000
2.102.500
Baking and yeast pow-
der
48,000
16.575
97.490
142.345
Belting and hose
85,000
18.565
73.100
117.780
Blacksmithing . .......
742.853
519,082
632,138
1 .908,969
Bookbinding, etc
111,000
112.578
173,730
386,140
Boots and shoes
1,296,685
1 ,303,426
2.351,470
4,581.099
Bakery products
534,655
372,171
1.611,080
2.416.398
Carpentering
497,850
985.664
1.888,508
3.533,131
Carriages and w agons
594.523
379.629
460,095
1.163,318
Clothing, men’s
1.177,604
959.5:44
2,318,655
3.992,209
Coffee and spices
504,896
113,032
1,123,153
1.424.878
Flouring- and grist-
mill products
4.363.285
514,602
11,067.847
12,701,477
Foundry and machine-
shops
Furniture
3.040.189
1.528.123
2.403.229
4.797.232
1,266,800
505,089
1.005,555
1,857,010
High explosives
1,434,000
86,506
780.416
1 .765,868
Leather
2.252,100
497.894
4.830.784
6,193.573
Liquors, malt
Liquors, vinous
2,800,515
570.624
2.144.119
3,862.431
639,600
72,307
292.075
622,087
Lumber, sawed
6,454,718
1,095.7:46
2.242.503
4.428.950
Printing and publish-
ing
1,838.256
1.272.412
1,054,355
3.148 978
Saddlery and harness.
627,350
305,575
587.623
1.170.865
Silk and silk goods . . .
164,300
41,400
80,995
159 175
Slaughtering and
meat-packing
2,130,200
341,488
6,149.623
7,953,914
Soap and candles
Sugar and molasses
refining
547,600
124.780
886,706
1,193.499
1,600,000
190,000 I
5,517,000
5,932,000
Tin, copper, and other
796,675
402,996
852.051
1.622,638
Tobacco and cigars . . .
1.831,503
956,639
2.060.275
3.947,353
Woolen goods
1,576,500
334.318 |
997,537
1.634.852
CALIFORNIA.
In its yield of the precious metals, California stands only second
to Colorado. The latest statistics give the yield of gold for 1885 as
$12,700,000 ; silver, $2,500,000. The output of coal was 63,1142 long
tons. The quicksilver production was 32,073 flasks, value $979,188.
Other mineral productions were 489,028 lbs. of copper, 1,000 short
tons of lead, 31,000 short tons of salt, and 8,000,000 lbs. of borax.
The deposits of iron are but little mined, and the platinum, zinc,
and sulphur are not as yet worked to commercial profit.
( ommerce. The ports of entry are San Francisco, San Diego,
'Wilmington, and Humboldt, the first-named port, of course, doing
all but a very small fraction of the business. The commerce of
San Francisco is very important, the chief articles of export being
the precious metals, breadstuffs, wines, wool, and fruits ; and the
main imports lumber, coal, coffee, tea, rice, and sugar. In addi-
tion, a great quantity of Oriental imports are reshipped at San
Francisco without appraisement or breakage of bulk. Several
steamship lines, American and English, connect San Francisco
with Australia, New Zealand. Japan, and China. The imports for
1886 at San Francisco were $37,142,117 ; the domestic exports, $29,-
564,561 : the foreign exports, $663,863. At Wilmington, Humboldt,
and San Diego the total reached $331,840 imports, $402,674 domestic
exports, and $1,244 foreign exports. The imports of gold and bull-
ion, for the same year, at San Francisco, were $9,286,196 ; domes-
tic exports of tile same, $8,869,910; and foreign exports, $8,680.-
645. There entered at San Francisco 702 vessels of 774,690 tonnage,
and there cleared 7(4 vessels of 820,187 tonnage. The total num-
ber of vessels registered, enrolled, and licensed were 885 of 248,132
tonnage.
Finances. The amount of the State debt in 1884 consisted of
$3,203,500, all of which is funded. State receipts were $4,468,912,
and the expenditures were $4,314,234. The amount raised by taxa-
tion was $3,861,644 : taxable property in the State as assessed, real
estate, $603,884,639 ; personal, $166,479,626 ; railroad, $50,746,500 ;
total, $821,110,765. Among the principal revenues from taxation
were merchandise, $39,499,166 ; moneys, $10,874,971 ; solvent credit,
$15,428,987 ; mortgages, $93,833,614 ; furniture, $12,426,022 ; horses
(243.724), $11,883,980 : cattle (704,377), $13,541,622 ; sheep (3,926,673),
$5,683,083. The State tax is 45$ c. on $100, and a special school
fund, held in State bonds, amounts to $2,690,000.
Educational.— The California free-sehool system was insti-
tuted in 1867. The school fund is derived from the proceeds of all
lands granted by the United States for school purposes from the
congressional grant of 500,000 acres, from escheated estates, and
from percentages on sale of State lands. The school fund is aug-
mented by half the proceeds of the poll-tax, and a tax of 10 c.
on $100 of taxable property. Separate schools are provided for
negro and Indian children. The Board of Education consists of
the Governor, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Principal of
the State Normal School, the superintendents of public schools
in six principal counties, and two professional teachers approved
by the rest of the board. The latest statistics give school dis-
tricts, 2,629 ; schools, 3,505 ; pupils, 189,220 ; teachers, 4,444. The
total receipts for school purposes in 1886 were $4,175,528 ; the
expenditures, $3,505,931. The valuation of sites, school-houses,
and furniture was $8,238,560 ; of school libraries, $468,785 ; cf
apparatus, $213,639 ; total, $8,920,984. The principal university
is named after the State, and is located at Berkeley, 4 m. N.
of Oakland. It has colleges of agriculture, of mechanic arts,
of civil engineering, of mines, of letters, of medicine, and of
military training. A preparatory department, is connected, and
the university is open to both sexes. The institution has already
been richly endowed by Gov. Leland Stanford, and it is said that
a large portion of his fortune will be given to it. There are also
18 other incorporated colleges in the State, belonging, however,
to the various religious denominations. There are three theologi-
cal seminaries and one medical college, Toland, the latter of
which, located in San Francisco, has become important. Of the
Catholic colleges, of which there are a number, the principal are
the College of Notre Dame at San Jos6. and the Jesuit College
at Santa Clara. Both of these are excellent institutions. The
State is excellently supplied with smaller colleges and seminaries
for both sexes. Lick Observatory, on the summit of Mt. Hamil-
ton, near San Jos6, founded by James Lick, is supplied with the
most powerful telescope in the world.
Political. — All male eitizeils vote, and elections for State offi-
cers, members of Congress and of the Legislature are held bi-
ennially. Senators are elected to the Legislature for four years,
members of the Assembly for two. The Legislature meets bi-
ennially at Sacramento. Executive Department consists of a
Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Comptroller,
Treasurer, Attorney-General, Surveyor-General, and Superintend-
ent of Public Instruction, all elected for four years. Qualifica-
tions foroffiee-holding.ageof twenty-five, citizenship. and residence
in the State for two years. Judiciary consists of a Supreme Court
with five judges, elected for ten years ; county judges, elected for
four years ; and justices of the peace. The number of electoral
votes is 8, the number of white voters 262,583. The legal rate of
interest is 7 per cent, by contract any rate.
THE YOSEMITE VALLEY.
The Yosemite Valley is situated on the Merced River, in the S.
portion of the county of Mariposa, California, 140 miles a little S.
of E. from San Francisco, but over 220 miles from that city by
any of t he usually traveled routes. It is on the western slope of
the Sierra Nevada, midway between its E. and W. base, and near-
ly in the center of the State, measuring N. and S. The valley is a
nearly level area, about 6 miles in length, and from a half to a
mile in width, and almost a mile in perpendicular depth below the
general level of the adjacent region, and inclosed in frowning
granite walls rising with almost unbroken and perpendicular faces
to the dizzy height of from 3,000 to 6.000 ft. From the brow- of
the precipices in several places spring streams of water which, in
5
j seasons of rains and melted snow, form cataracts of singular
beauty. The valley is filled with trees of vast size. Plants,
shrub's, and flowers of every hue cover the ground like a carpet ;
The Yosemite was discovered in the spring of 1851 by a party
under the command of Captain Boling, in pursuit of a band of
predatory Indians, who made it their stronghold, considering it
inaccessible to the whites. By an act of Congress passed in 1864.
the Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove of Big Trees were
granted to the State of California upon the express condition
that they shall be kept “ for public use, resort, and recreation,"
and shall be " inalienable for all time.” The Indian meaning of
Yosemite is “ Large Grizzly Bear.”
CALIFORNIA
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CONNECTICUT.
Historical. One of the thirteen original
States. Its name was derived from the Indian,
and signifies “ Long River.” The territory,
originally claimed by the Dutch of New Neth-
erlands by right of prior exploration, was finally
acquired by the English under a patent grant-
ed to Lords Say and Seal, and Brooke and asso-
ciates, in 1031. Permanent settlements were
made in 1 030 by colonists from Massachusetts at
Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield. In 1638
New Haven was settled by a distinguished com-
pany of emigrants from England. The first
Constitution was adopted in 1639, being the first
time in history when a government was organ-
ized and defined by a written constitution. Its
leading features were afterward copied in the
Constitutions of the other States and of the
United States, and it was the basis of the charter
of 1662. The attempt to revoke and supersede
this charter by James II through his representa-
tive, Sir Edmund Andros, in 1687, led to what
might be called the first colonial act of rebellion
against royal authority. During the Revolution
no State furnished so large a proportionate body
of soldiers to the Continental army.
Geographical.— Connecticut is bounded N. by Massachusetts,
E. by Rhode Island, S. by Long Island Sound, and W. by New
York. The State contains 8 counties and 166 towns. Its average
length is HU m. ; breadth, 55 in. ; its area, 4,990 sq. m. The State
has 100 m. of sea-coast on Long Island Sound, the latter arm of
the sea being 140 in. long, 24 m. at its widest, and navigable for
the largest ships. The coast is indented by numerous bays, fur-
nishing fine harbors, the more notable being New London (one of
the best in the United States), New Haven, Stonington, Bridgeport,
and Saybrook. These advantages give the State one of the most
valuable coasting trades in the country. The State is drained by
three rivers — the Connecticut, the longest river in New England,
running S. and S. E., and emptying at Saybrook : the Housatonic,
rising in the N. W. part of tlie State, at the base of the Green
Mountain range, runs S. and S. E., emptying into the Sound at
Stratford. It has an important tributary in the Naugatuck, and
is navigable as far as its junction with the latter-named river
about 10 m. from the mouth. The Thames drains E. Connecticut.
Its head-waters rise in Massachusetts, and it takes its name at the
junction of its two forks, the Yantic and Quinebaug, at Norwich,
15 m. from its mouth. The harbor formed by the mouth of the
Thames, at the head of which lies New London, ranks among the
best in the country. Besides these three principal rivers, numer-
ous small rivers run directly into Long Island Sound. The river
system furnishes unsurpassed water-power, aud has been an
important factor in building up the manufactures of the State.
The country is picturesquely diversified by hills and valleys.
Natural Resources. — The soil is generally good, fitted for
cereals, but more especially adapted for stock-raising and dairy
purposes. Nearly every variety of grain is produced, and the
Connecticut River Valley is famous for its tobacco. Hay is a crop
of great importance, and orchard and garden products are ex-
tensively raised. The hilly regions produce a great variety of
hard woods, useful for building and ship timber, as well as for
fuel. The mineral products of the State are iron-ore of a superior
quality, copper, cobalt, limestone for both ornamental and useful
purposes, marble, granite, brown sandstone, slate, and clay adapt-
ed for bricks and pottery. The fisheries are of great value.
Climate.— The climate, though somewhat changeable, is mild
and healthful, being much more uniform than in the northern
part of New England. Observations covering twenty years show
the mean temperature in winter to be 29'22° ; spring, 46'41° ; sum-
mer, 69 27° ; autumn. 52'80° : whole year, 49 62°. The rainfall
averages about 44 inches.
Principal Places Hartford, the capital, seat of Trinity Col-
lege, noted for insurance companies, also an important banking
and manufacturing center ; New Haven, the largest city, seat of
Yale College, and center of an extensive manufacturing business ;
Bridgeport, noted for the manufacture of fire-arms and sewing-
machines : New Britain and Norwich, noted for miscellaneous
manufactures ; Waterbury, the headquarters of brass manufact-
ures in the United States ; Middletown, seat of Wesleyan Uni-
versity ; Meriden, silver-plating and other manufactures ; New
London, fisheries, woolen-mills, etc.
Population. Total, 662,700; male, 305,782; female, 316,918;
native, 492,708; foreign, 129,992; white, 610,769; colored, 11,547 ;
Chinese. 123 ; Japanese. 5 ; Indians, 255. Population of cities
above 10,009, as follows: Bridgeport, 27,643: Danbury, 11.666;
Derby, 11,650: Hartford, 42,015; Meriden, 15.540: New Britain.
11,800 : New Haven, 62,882 ; New London, 10,357 : Norwalk, 13,956 :
Norwich, 15,112 ; Waterbury, 17.806. (Census of 1880.)
Agriculture The number of farms by last census was 30,598,
embracing 2.476.413 acres and valued at $121,063,910. The average
value per acre of cleared land was $29. of woodland $24.50. The
U. S. Bureau of Statistics report staple crops of 1885 as follows :
CLASSES.
Acres.
Bushels.
Total value.
Corn
Wheat
58.140
2.193
38.262
2,033,000
31.000
1,000,000
$1,280,790
32,550
457,800
Rye
29,39.3
382.000
286,582
632
14,000
10.381
11,087
140,000
83,818
31,229
2,811,000
1,545.836
580,454
Tons.
551.431
9,925,758
Tobacco
7,661
Lbs.
12,066,000
1,496,193
Commerce. The ports of entry are Fair-
field, Middletown, New Haven. New London, and
Stonington. The foreign imports of the State
for the year ending June 30, 1886, amounted to
$380,413, arid the exports to foreign countries to
$81,717. The merchant tonnage of the State for
the same period was 109,911 tons, divided among
820 vessels. During the year. 22 vessels, with a
tonnage of 5,396 tons, were built. There cleared
for foreign ports, 30 vessels, of 4,846 tonnage ;
and entered, 78 vessels of 16.608 tonnage.
Fisheries. — The fishery interest of the State
is important and employs large capital. The
U. S. census of 1880 represents Connecticut as
follows: Persons employed, 8,131 ; capital in-
vested, $1,421,020: value of product, $1,456,866.
In 1886 it had 280 vessels of 7,370 tons, with a
value of $476,550, and employing 1,220 men en-
gaged in the coast and sea fisheries. They were
divided as follows : 100 vessels, 440 men, ton-
nage 2.200, value $110,000, interested in deep-sea
food-fishing : 150 vessels. 400 men, 2,600 ton-
nage, value $200,000, in the pursuit of lobsters
and shell-fish : 15 vessels. 240 men, 2,000 tonnage,
value $100,000, interested in the whale and si al
fishery : and 15 vessels, 431 men, tonnage 1,530, value $227,550, in
menhaden-fishing. The present oyster and clam fisheries of Con-
necticut are estimated at upward of $750,000 per year in value.
manufactures and Mining — The census statistics of 1880
gave Connecticut 4,488 establishments ; $120,480,275 capital in-
• ested : 112,915 hands employed : total wages paid. $43,501,518;
value of materials, $102,769,341 : value of products. $185, 680,211.
The principal manufactures are presented m detail below :
CLASSES.
Capital in-
vested.
Wage® paid.
Value of ma-
terial.
Value of
products.
Boots and shoes
$691,399
$574,820
$1,396,178
$2,375,993
Boots and shoes, rubber.
1 ,000,000
671,574
2,527,501
4.175.997
Brass and copper
7.529,382
2,855,561
7,739,963
13.237.387
Clocks
1,816,400
1,206,073
1.386.361
3,016,717
Cotton goods
21.040,200
3,750,017
8,757,022
17.0.50.156
Foundry and machine-
shops
4,878,826
2,313.379
2.812.902
0,339.599
I lardware
7,852,622
3.569,494
4,410.709
10,374.293
Hats and caps
842,000
1,423.981
1.949,520
4.407.993
Mixed textiles
3,203,234
988,848
3.145,246
5,919,505
Paper.
3.168,931
656,000
2.761.316
4,337,550
Plated and Britannia
1,636,097
1,158,000
2,878,79*2
6.080.076
Sewing-machines, etc
6.490,650
802.959
2.969.741
Silk and silk goods
4,436.500
1.026,5:30
3,311,206
5.881.000
Slaughtering and meat-
packing
304.000
206.959
4,189,151
4.669.540
Tools
1,217,500
500,710
673,660
1.631.295
Woolen goods
7,907,452
2,342.935
10,176,987
16,892.284
Tlic mineral industries of Connecticut are confined to building
and flagging material, iron, clay, limestone ; fertilizers, and min-
eral waters. Immense quantities of brown sandstone are quar-
ried at Portland on the Connecticut River, and Bolton stone, a
micaceous slate, is extensively shipped. Valuable marble and
granite quarries producing excellent stone are profitably worked
at New Preston, Haddam, and Milford. There are superior beds
of hematite iron in Salisbury and Kent and the iron-works at the
former place are widely known. The yield of Connecticut in pig-
iron for 1885 was 17,500 short tons, a gain of 3,326 tons over the pre-
vious year. The production of mineral fertilizers was 15.000 tons.
Railroads — The actual length of railroads in the State was
976 m. in 1885, but the number of miles operated by Connecticut
corporations amounted to 1.0.37 m. The capital stock was $36,-
677,118: funded debt, $11,756,500; total investment. $56,083,646;
cost of roads and equipment, $47,975,073. The gross earnings
from passengers were $5,431,796: from freight. $5,022,453 ; total,
$11,089,059 : net earnings, $3,497,389 : interest paid on bonds, $588,-
787 : dividends paid on stock, $2,387,937.
Finances.— Amount of State debt funded July 1, 1886. $4,271,-
200: State receipts for year ending July 1, 1886, $1,831,701.78;
State expenditure for same period. $1,511,697.52 ; amount raised
by taxation, $1,712,062.69 : amount of taxable property as assessed,
real and personal, for 1886, $349,977,339 : true valuation of property
real and personal, 1880. $852.000.000 : amount of State taxes re-
ceived from towns. $539,943.79 : amount of taxes received from
other sources. $1,146,408.92 : the savings-banks at the end of 1886
contained $92,981,425. representing 265,097 depositors.
Educational. — The amount of the school fund is $2,022,204.
The total amount raised in the State during 1886 for school pur-
poses was $1,663,019— $759,000 from town taxation. $448,000 from
district taxation, $114,000 from interest of school fund, about
$48,000 from town deposit and local funds. $228,000 appropriated
by the State, and about $66,000 from voluntary contributions.
The number registered in tlie schools was 125,539. The three col-
leges of the State are Yale, Trinity, and Wesleyan University.
Yale College disputes with Harvard the honor of being the fore-
most American university. Yale, established in 1700. has a yearly
income of more than $200,000. It has 109 instructors and about
1.100 students. There are five departments— law, theology, med-
icine, science, and the fine arts, besides the academic.
Political.— State elections are annual, at same date as con-
gressional and presidential : number of Senators, 24 : Representa-
tives. 249 : term of Senators. 2 years : of Representatives. 1 year.
There are six electoral votes, and. by last census, 177.291 voters.
Relative Rank Connecticut ranks twenty-eighth in popu-
lation. thirty-fifth in area, first in clocks, third in silk goods, fourth
in cottou goods, and eighth in tobacco.
3 , o uov
g»«t mu °C
.Conn^i
Have* pi.
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■}r:>/?n^
DEL AWAKE.
Historical Though the State was first
discovered by the Dutch in 1600, Lord Dela-
ware, Governor of Virginia, who visited it
the following year, and afterward gave name
to it, claimed it on behalf of England. In
1037 colonies were planted near Wilmington
by the Swedish East India Company, which
brought on a contlict with the Dutch and led
to the expulsion of the Swedes in 1055. When
New Netherlands was conquered by the Eng-
lish, this erritory went with it. William
Penn, having received the Pennsylvania grant,
secured also from the Duke of York rights
over Delaware by patent, and until the Revo-
lution the territory was governed under the
same proprietary. In 1770 the people de-
clared themselves an independent State, and
as such fought in the Continental ranks.
Delaware was the first State to ratify the
Federal Constitution, and its own Constitu-
tion, adopted in 1792, still forms the funda-
mental law.
Geographical.— The State is divided into three counties, has
an area of 2,050 sq. m., and is 96 m. long, N. and S., by from 9 m.
to 30 m. wide. It is bounded N. by Pennsylvania, E. by Delaware
River and Bay, separating it from New Jersey and the Atlantic
Ocean, and S. and W. by Maryland. Delaware is the N. E. corner
of the low peninsula between Chesapeake Bay, Delaware River,
and the Atlantic Ocean. It is mostly a fiat country, a portion of
N. Delaware only being diversified with hills. The surface is in-
tersected by a low table-laud or sand-ridge, nowhere more than
70 ft. high, traversing the State N. and S., which is the water-shed
of the peninsula. This table-land abounds in swamps which are
the source of most of the rivers and streams, some flowing into
the Chesapeake and some into Delaware Bay. The most impor-
tant streams are the Brandywine and Christiana Creeks. These
unite below Wilmington, and fall into the Delaware near their
junction. Many of the small rivers are navigable for coasting-
vessels, but the Christiana only admits merchant-ships. The
coast along Delaware Bay is low and marshy, but along the
Atlantic it is marked by sand-beaches which inclose shallow bays
or lagoons. R ‘hoboth Bay is the largest of these basins, and
admits vessels of considerable draught. In the S. part of the
State is the Cypress Swamp, 12 m. long and 6 m. wide, character-
ized by dense vegetation.
Natural Resources. — The productions of Delaware are sim-
ilar to those of the other Middle States, wheat, rye, oats, Indian
corn, barley, buckwheat, hay, potatoes, wool, and dairy products.
One of the main industries is peach-raising, the soil and climate
being admirably suited to this fruit. The small fruits are also
successfully raised for the market. The mineral resources of the
State are very limited, bog-iron ore found in the swamps, shell-
marl, and kaolin or porcelain clay, being the only deposits of any
value.
Climate The climate is mild and favorable to agriculture.
The north and more elevated portions are very salubrious, but in
the southern part of the State, where the land is swampy, endemic
sickness is common. The temperature at Delaware Breakwater
is from 36° to 38° in winter, and from 69° to 74° in summer, though
the thermometer sometimes reaches 100°. The rainfall averages
about 50 inches.
Principal Places. — Dover is the capital, but has little im-
portance otherwise. Wilmington is the metropolis, and has ex-
tensive manufacturing interests, embracing ship-building, car-
works, cotton and woolen factories, powder-mills, flour-mills, and
shoe and leather factories. It is connected with other cities by
four railways, had in 1880 10 banks and banking-houses, and its
manufactures employed $10,744,389 capital, and 7.852 hands, while
the total value of products was $13,205,370. Newark is the seat
of several excellent seminaries of learning. Other of the more
important places are New Castle, Delaware City, Clayton, and
Seaford.
Population — (U. S. census of 1880), total, 14G,G08 : Male, 74,-
108 ; female, 72,500 ; native, 137,140 : foreign, 9,468 ; white, 120,106 ;
colored, 26,442 ; slaves in 1860, 1,798. By counties, the State divided
into Kent, 32.874 ; New Castle, 77,716 ; and Sussex, 3G.018. Wil-
mington. the capital of Newcastle County, had in 1880 42.478, and
it is estimated that this has grown to 52,000 in 1888. There are no
other towns in the State of any size.
Agriculture.— The U. S. census of 1880 assigned Delaware
O, 658 farms, of which 5,041 are occupied by the owners. The num-
ber of acres was 1,090.245, the value $36,789,672. Market-garden-
ing and fruit-growing are important features of the agricultural
industries. The U. S. Bureau of Statistics gives the following
figure for the staple crops of 1885 :
CLASSES.
Acres.
Bushels.
Value..
Corn
216,595
4.174.000
$1,669,600
Wheat
89.103
957.000
909.150
Oats
21,197
501.000
190,380
857
6.000
4,500
Buckwheat *
437
5,000
2,732
Potatoes
4,141
315,000
Tons.
157,358
Hay
49,628
44,665
647 643
The value of imports in 1886 was $7,733, and
that of exports, $270.1409. The number of ves-
sels registered, enrolled, and licensed in the
district in Iksi; was 182. with a tonnage of
16,287. In 188fi the number was 175, with a
tonnage of 16,731. To protect Delaware Bay,
the U. S. Government built a breakwater at
Cape Henlopen, which was forty years in
completion, and cost $2,127,400, the greatest
work of its kind in the United States.
Fisheries.— The latest authentic statis-
tics (U. S. census, 1880) give the following fig-
ures : Sea-fisheries : persons employed, 936 ;
boats and vessels, 539; capital invested, $33,-
906 ; value. $102,851. River and lake fish-
eries : persons employed, 513 : vessels and
boats. 153: capital invested, $100,825; value,
£147.116. Oyster-fisheries : persons employed,
1.065 ; vessels and boats, 305 : capital invest-
ed, $145,500 ; value of product, $087,725. To-
tal : persons employed, 2,514 ; value of prod-
uct, $997,086. As will be seen, the oyster in-
terest is the most important of the fisheries, amounting to over
two thirds of the total product, shad-fishing being the most
notable of i he other brandies.
Manufactures and Mining.— The State. 1)5" the estimate of
the U. S. census, had 746 establishments, employing 12.638 hands
and $15,655,822 capital ; total amount of wages paid. $4,267,349 ;
value of materials used, $12,828,461 ; value of products, $20,514,-
438. The manufactures are largely concentrated at Wilmington,
where there is excellent water-power. The leading lines of manu-
facturing are exhibited in the subjoined table (census of 1880) :
CLASSES.
Capital.
Wages
paid.
Value of
material.
Value of
product.
Carnages and wagons. . . .
$452,270
$137,256
§272,098
§ 500.557
Cars, railway and street.
589,100
319.915
775.900
1,185,688
Cotton goods
Flour- and grist-mill prod
929,570
232,727
632,205
1,057.756
ucts
Foundry and machine-
761,015
72,231
1,165,103
1,341,026
shop
Fruits aud vegetables
788.100
266.618
330,732
704,225
canning
396.379
99.621
453.503
634.940
Iron and steel
1.431,469
344.476
1.214:050
2.347.177
Gunpowder
1,000.000
117.778
127,586
243,565
Leather
926,500
388,064
1.350,860
1.886.597
Paper
2,508,000
112.666
582.154
737,905
Ship-building
935,200
900.322
964,275
2.162,503
W oolen goods
352,559
108,504
448,285
660,253
The corn-crop of 1884 was 3,975,000 bushels : that of wheat, 1,007,-
000 bushels. The value of the peach-crop of the State is more
than $1,500,000 annually, anil that of strawberries and other small
fruits about $300,000. ' The growing of sweet-potatoes has also j
become a valuable industry.
Commercial The largest part of the trade of the State finds j
its depot at Wilmington, which is also the U. S. port of entry, j
8
Among the valuable industries special attention may be called
to the canning and preserving of oysters, fruit, and Vegetables,
which have grown in the last quart er of a century from nothing.
The great impetus to it at the beginning was given by the war.
The mining resources are limited, and. aside from beds of kaolin
in the northern part of the State, the product of which is sent to
New Jersey for treatment, the production of mineral fertilizers
alone has much value. During 1885 Delaware produced about
50.000 short tons of this valuable phosphate, coming immediately
after Georgia. Illinois. Maryland. Massachusetts, New Jersey, New
York, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Virginia. The value of
the product was about $1,250,000.
Railroads.— The State in 1885 had 316 m. of railroad, of which
212 m. were operated. The capital stock was $7,062,164 ; funded
debt. $1,900,000 ; total investment, $9,017,390 ; cost of railroad
and equipment, $8,959,623. The gross earnings from passengei-s
were $300,124 : from freight, $550,109 : from all sources. £885.060 :
net earnings. $146,160 ; interest paid on bonds, $55,667 ; dividend
paid on stocks, $91,734.
Finances.— The State debt on January 1. 1887, amounted to
$824,750. This debt is offset by interest-bearing investments ag-
gregating $1,168,799. To tiiis must be added prospective receipts
due. January 1, 1887, $57,796 : sinking-fund arising from oyster
revenue, $4,629 : balance in treasury, $8,977. Receipts were as
follows : Total, present and probable, $186,802 Expenditures :
Total amount paid out to January 1, 1887, $120,028, leaving a
probable balance of $66.74-1 applicable to current expenses and
interest of the next year. The sinking-fund shows a balance to
its credit of $4,629.
Education.— The number of school districts in the State. 422 ;
schools, 552, an increase of 18 over 1886 : white children between
the ages of six and twenty-one years, 36.468 : colored children,
5,750 ; white children enrolled. 29,421 : colored children. 3,053 : av-
erage of white children to each district, 86 ; average enrolled, 68 ;
number of teachers. 635 : average monthly salary, $32.40. During
1886 the disbursements amounted to $7,166.99. of which amount
$4,665.63 came from the State appropriation, and $2,511.06 from
the school-fund tax.
Political State elections are annual, same date as congres-
sional and presidential. The number of Senators is 21 ; of Rep-
resentatives, 60 ; meeting of Legislature, second Tuesday in Jan-
uary ; limit of session, none. Term of Senators, three years : of
Representatives, one year ; and of Governor, four years. The
Chief-Justice and two" associates form the Superior Court and
Court of General Sessions, and all the judges except the Chancel-
lor form the Court of Oyer and Terminer. Judges are appointed
by the Governor, and hold office during good behavior. Number
of electoral votes, 9 : number of voters. 300,635. Paupers, idiots,
insane, and convicts excluded from voting.
Relative Rank. — The State stands thirty-sixth in area, thir-
ty-seventh in population, fourth in fruit-growing, fifth in ship-
building, sixth in oyster-fisheries.
Mendej
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ienm
Bishopvville^
T willcy '
FLORIDA.
Historical. The name Florida, de-
rived from a Spanish word meaning
“ flowery,” or perhaps because it was
first visited on “Pascua Florida,” or
Easter-Sunday, was originally applied to a
much larger region than the present State,
its boundaries extending to the Mississippi,
and on the N. indefinitely. It was first dis-
covered by Ponce de Leon in 1512, who
landed near St. Augustine. It was subse-
quently visited by other Spanish adven-
turers, but it was not till 15:18 that an actual
attempt at colonization was madeby Pam-
filo de Narvaez, who had received a large
land grant from Charles V. He and his
colonists were exterminated by the Indi-
ans. In 1539 Fernando de Soto explored
the State, and a few years later many
French Huguenots sought refuge here.
They were 'massacred by the Spaniards.
Spain had no permanent footing till 1505,
when the fort was built at St. Augustine.
Pensacola was settled in 1696. In 1763
Florida was ceded to the English in ex-
change for Cuba, but by the treaty of 1783
it was retroceded to Spain. A portion of Florida was seized by
the United States in 1803, and in 1819 Spain formally ceded the
whole province. Florida was admitted as a State in 1845, seceded
January 10, 1861, and resumed Federal relations. 1868.
Geographical — Florida is the southernmost State of the
Union, forming a long peninsula extending to 24° 30' N. lat.. and
divided into 41 counties. Its area is 58,080 sq. m., its length N. and
S. 350 m., its greatest width 360 m., average width 100 m. Nowhere
is it more than 200 ft. elevation. It is bounded N. by Alabama and
Georgia, E. by the Atlantic, and S. and W. by the Gulf of Mexico
and the Perdido River, the latter dividing it from Alabama. The
coast-line is greater than that of any other State, being 472 m. on
the Atlantic and 674 m. on the Gulf. This sea-front is shallow and
has but few good harbors. S. of the mainland are several islands,
one group being the Dry Tortugas, and the other Key West, this
being an important naval station. The important harbors on the
Atlantic coast are St. Augustine and Fernandina, and on the Gulf,
Pensacola, Appalachicola, St. Marks, Cedar Keys, Tampa, Char-
lotte, and Key West. Jacksonville, the most thriving town in the
State, lies about 15 m. up the St. John’s River. The river system
of the State furnishes excellent internal navigation. The St.-
John's is the only important river in the United States running N.
Rising in the great Southern Swamp, it runs 300 m. to the ocean,
the last 100 m. being a great lagoon or estuary rather than a river,
and navigable for large steamers, while small vessels traverse its
entire length. Indian River is a long lagoon on the E. side commu-
nicating with the ocean. The principal rivers, next to St. John’s,
are the Suwauee. Ocklawaha. Appalachicola, Choctawhatchee,
and Escambia, at the mouth of the latter of which is Pensacola.
All these rivers rise in Georgia or Alabama, and intersect the long,
narrow, N. portion of the State, emptying into the Gulf. The sur-
face of the State is dotted with numerous lakes, the largest of
which is Lake Okeechobee, 40 m. long by 30 m. wide, in the Ever-
glades. The latter great swamp covers nearly the whole of the
State S. of lat, 28°.
Natural Resources. -The mildness and humidity of the
State make it highly fertile in all tropical and semi-tropical prod,
nets. It. yields cotton, coffee, sugar-cane, tobacco, rice, indigo
hemp, and flax. Its orange-crop is famous and continually in-
creasing, and it is little less productive in lemons, limes, pine-
apples, bananas. olives, grapes, etc. Garden vegetables are pro-
duced in great abundance. Fish, turtles, and oysters, of the finest
variety and the greatest abundance, fill its waters, and the forests
are prolific in game. The forest-trees are varied, and among them
are found such valuable species as mahogany, rosewood, red and
live oak, cypress, and magnolia.
Climate Florida has so balmy and pleasant a climate that
it is a noted winter sanitarium. While there are occasional frosts
in N. Florida, they are never known in the southern part of the
State. The sea and Gulf breezes sweep across the peninsula and
temper the summer heats to mildness. The mean temperature at
Jacksonville, which is in N. Florida, is from 55° to 61° in winter,
and from 80° to 83° in summer : at St. Augustine, 58° in winter, and
•68 in summer. The rainfall at Fort. Meyers is recorded as 57 inches.
Principal Places. — Jacksonville, on the St. John’s River, is
the commercial metropolis, and largely supported by winter resi-
dents. St. Augustine is the oldest city in the United States, much
visited in winter by invalids and pleasure-seekers. Pensacola,
on the Gulf, a center of the lumber-trade: Fernandina, lumbering
and manufactures ; and Key West, a naval station, noted also for
its wrecking-business and cigar-manufactures, are other interest-
ing places. Tallahassee, the capital, is a beautiful city. Palatka,
on the St. John’s, is an important center of orange-culture.
Population ( Census of 1880.) Total. 269,493, subdivided as fol-
lows : Male, 136,144 ; female, 133,049 : native, 259.584 ; foreign. 9,909 ;
white, 142,605 ; colored, 126,690 : Indians, 180 ; slaves in 1860, 61,745.
Population of cities : Jacksonville, 6,912: Key West, 5,016; andPen-
sac< ila, 3,347. State census of 1885 gives Florida 342.617 inhabitants.
Fisheries. — The sea-fisheries in 1880 employed 238 people, 245
boats, and an investment of $27,794. the value of yield being
$41,072. The river-fisheries taxed a capital of $15,950, and yielded
$32,336. Total yield of fisheries, $78,408.
Railways.— Florida had in 1885 1.603 m. of railroad, 1,101 in. of
which were operated. The capital stock was $23,568,100 ; funded
debt, $19,135,100 : total investment, $53,476,177 ; cost of railroads
and equipment, $48,786,033. The receipts from passengers were
$856,422 ; from freight, $1,081,313 ; from all sources, $2,152,986.
Net earnings were $615,413, and interest paid on bonds $609,201.
Finances. — The bonded debt of the State consistsof $1,275,000.
Deducting sinking-fund bonds, $207,600, it leaves outstanding $1,-
9
067. 100. of which $594.700 are held in the dif-
erent educational funds of the State; esti-
mated true valuation of property in the
Stale, real and personal, in 18,80, $95,000,000;
per capita, $.‘453 : assessed value of prop-
erly in 1885. $70,667,458 : general revenue
tax, $237,816; school-fund tax, $70.823 ;
total gross tax, $308,040 ; net tax. deduct-
ing insolvencies, 277.770 ; county taxes,
total. $647,088 : state receipts for 3884,
$328,894.38 ; State expenditures for same,
$417,927.58 ; total amount raised by State
and county taxes. 900,348 : assessed valu-
ation of property, real and personal, 1880,
$31,175,816: 1881, $36,258,543 ; 1882. $45,-
285,977; 1883. $55.249,81 1 ; 1884. $00,042,055 ;
increase of $40,000,000, or over 100 per cent.,
in five years.
4 oinioerce. Florida lias six customs
districts, the more important polls of entry
and delivery being Fernandina. Key West,
and Pensacola. The imports of the State
for 1885 were $870,076, and the exports $2.-
900,340. There entered at ports 718 vessels,
of .357,060 tonnage, and cleared 802 vessels,
of 381.439 tonnage. The total number of registered, enrolled, and
licensed vessels was 491, of 33,711 tons. Leading exports of the
State arc cotton, lumber, oranges and other fruits, and fish.
Agricult urc. —The State census of 1885 estimated : acres of
land improved, 739,952 ; acres of land unimproved, 2.245,171 ; value
of farms, including land, fences, and buildings. $00,884,392. Some
of the statistics of production for 1884 are given ; value of live-
stock, $7,779,064 : pounds of butter made, 373,370 ; sheep. 100,682 ;
pounds of wool-clip, 193,558 ; swine, 190.442 : pounds of tobacco,
32,839 ; pounds of rice, 855.529 ; gallons of molasses, 609.047 ; bush-
els of sweet-potatoes. 1,427.629 : number of bearing orange-trees.
979.911 : boxes of oranges, 431,832: bushels of peaches. 80,505;
total value of orchard products, $1,092,439 ; value of market-gar-
den produce, $371,439 ; pounds of honey. 353,481. More than
3,000,000 orange-trees have been set out since 1870. The staple
crops for 1885 were as follows :
CLASSES.
Acres.
Bushels.
Value.
Corn
420,070
3.799,000
$2,659,300
< lats
53,611
519,000
347.730
1 Potatoes
1,938
155,000
Tons.
155,040
Hay
528
370
Bales.
G.GGO
1 Cotton
273 473
73,837
4,357,860
Manufactures.— The U. S. census assigns Florida 426 estab-
lishments, empl03Ting a capital of $3,210,680, and 5.504 hands.
The total amount of wages paid for the census year was $1,270,805;
value of materials, $3,040,119 ; value of products, $5,546,448. Some
of the leading branches are detailed below :
CLASSES.
Capital
invested.
Wages paid.
Value of
material.
Value of
product.
Blacksmithing
$28,300
$16,641
$21 ,675
$56,085
Carpentering i
Flour - ami grist - mill
18,200
22,707
25,200
88,400
products
224,665
22,257
287,959
337 ,780
Lumber
2,219,550
502,249
1,867,213
3,060,291
Ship-building
Tar and turpentine
30,750
33,580
43,250
85.050
109,500
129,400
104,500
295.500
Tobacco and cigars
461,750
409.616
555,107
1,347,555
Political — The Senate has 32 and the House of Representa-
tives 76 members, the former chosen for four, the latter for two
years. Sessions are annual, beginning first Tuesday after the first
Monday in January, and may extend 60 days. Governor is elected
for five years, and must have lived in the State three years previ-
ous to election. The Lieutenant-Governor is elected by the people.
The Governor’s Council of Administration, consisting of the other
executive officers of the State is appointed by the Governor, with
confirmation by the Senate. The Judiciary 'is also appointed by
the Governor, the Supreme Court judges for life. The number of
electoral votes is 4, number of voters 61.669. Idiots, insane, crimi-
nals, betters on election, and duelists excluded from the franchise.
A new State Constitution has been recently adopted.
Educational.— At the end of September. 1885, Florida had
1.724 public schools, an increase of 220 over the preceding year.
The total school attendance for the year was 62,327 . an increase of
4,016 in the total attendance of pupils for the year. The county re-
ports of superintendents showed that the amounts taxed the
counties, together with the State tax of 1 mill, and the common-
school fund amounted to $335,000, making a per capita cost of
education for all school-children of lawful age of $5.1, and of $5.37
for each child enrolled. The salaries of teachers amounted to
$247,138, and the total expenses were $335,984. The statistics of
illiteracy in 1880 showed that out of a population of 184.650, there
were 70,219 over ten years old who could not read, and 80.183 over
ten years who could not write ; 60.420 of these illiterates were other
than white. The East and West Florida Seminaries, the State
Agricultural University at Lake City, and the colored Normal
Schools at Tallahassee and Gainesville are the most important.
Relative Rank.— The State ranks twelfth in area, thirty-
fourth in population, first in oranges, third in sugar and molasses,
sixth in rice, and tenth in cotton.
FLORIDA
7Jv\i O '!&
gw 'r:
m ij!
i i”Z&o(
GEORGIA.
Historical. — Namerl after King
■George II of England. Georgia was the
latest settled of the thirteen colonies,
which first formed the United States. The
country was originally included in the
charter of Carolina. In 1732 the territory
was granted to a corporation, which sent
out the first colony under Sir James Ogle-
thorpe the same year. In 1733 Savannah
was founded. Gen. Oglethorpe com-
manded the forces of Carolina and Geor-
gia in the unsuccessful expedition against
St. Augustine in 1739. In 17'52 Georgia
became a royal government under regula-
tions similar to those of the other colonies.
During t lie Eevolution Georgia was over-
run by the British, and Savannah captured
in 1778. The Constitution of the United
States was ratified Jan. 2, 1788. The State
seceded Jan. 1G, 1861. The principal mili-
tary events were those about Atlanta,
resulting in its evacuation, and Sherman’s
inarch to the sea, all in 1864. Georgia
was formally readmitted to the Union
July 15, 1870.
Geographical.— The State, consisting of 137 counties, has an
extreme length N. and S. of 320 in., extreme width of 254 m.. and
an area of 59.475 sq. m. It is bounded N. by Tennessee and North
Carolina, N. E. by South Carolina, from which it is separated by
the Savannah River, E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. by Florida, and
W. by Alabama, from which it is partly separated by the Chatta-
hoochee River. The coast-line is 480 m. long, is skirted with
numerous low islands, and has but four harbors— Savannah, Da-
rien, Brunswick, and St. Mary’s. The mountainous region, ex-
tending from N. E. to S. W. across the N. half of the State, is
made up of the southernmost spurs of the Appalachian range, and
in height is from 1,200 to 4,000 ft. The central portion of the State
consists of elevated table-lands and hills, which rise by a succes-
sion of terraces. Along the coast and the Florida line the land is
low and swampy. The navigable rivers are the Savannah, Ogee-
chee, Altamaha. Santilla, St. Mary’s, Flint, Chattahoochee, and
Upper Coosa. The Savannah, formed by the junction of the
Tugaloo and Keowee, is 480 m. long, runs S. S. E. and is navigable
nearly its whole length. The Chattahoochee, which by junction
with the Flint becomes the Appalachicola in Florida, and so finds
its outlet in the Gulf, rises iii N. Georgia and skirts the S. half of
the W. boundary of the State, being in total length 550 m. It is
navigable 300 m. from the Gulf. The Altamaha is formed by the
junction of the Oconee and Ocmulgee, which rise in N. Georgia
and flow parallel to each other for 250 m. when they unite.
Natural Resources. — The agricultural products of the State
are rich and varied, including cotton, both sea-island and short
staple, wheat, corn, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, hay, tobacco,
rice, dairy products, flax, Irish and sweet potatoes, wool, and cat-
tle. The coast-region is valuable in its yield of timber and naval
stores. Extensive pine-lands are also found. Georgia yields iron,
coal, gold, limestone, copper, granite, and slate. Other mineral
resources are clay, asbestus, manganese, marls, and mineral
waters.
Climate.— The coast-region is hot and unhealthy, but the pine-
lands farther back are salubrious and mild in temperature, both
winter and summer, being specially recommended for consump-
tives. The mountainous regions in N. Georgia have a much cooler
climate. The winter temperature at Augusta is from 46° to 62° ;
the summer temperature from 79° to 83° : average about 63° ; av-
erage at Savannah, 66°. The annual rainfall is from 48 to 60 in.
Principal Places.— Atlanta, the capital, prominent in trade
and manufactures ; Savannah, important cotton-mart, chief sea-
port, and oldest town ; Columbus, center of cotton manufactures ;
Augusta, a beautiful residence and manufacturing city ; Athens,
seat of a college, center of a stock-raising and agricultural re-
gion ; Macon, seat of prosperous iron and cotton mills, and of
three colleges.
Population. — (U. S. census, 1880.) Total, 1,542,180 : male, 762,-
081; female, 779,199; native, 1,531,616: foreign. 10.564; white,
816,906 ; colored, 725,133 ; Chinese, 17 ; Indians, 124. Population
of leading cities : Athens, 4,251 ; Atlanta, 21,789 ; Augusta, 15,389 ;
Columbus, 7,401 : Macon, 10,810 ; Savannah, 28,325.
Finances — The amount of State debt, all of which is funded,
on Oct. 1, 1886, was $8,210,405. The amount of railroad bonds in-
dorsed by the State was $2,688,000. Total receipts for year $4,220,-
130.33. including receipts from bonds. Total expenditures for year
$4,453,393.10, including public debt payments. Amount raised by
taxation, fiscal year 1886, $1,351,109.62. Amount of taxable prop-
erty as assessed, 1886. real, $183,366,602 ; personal, $123,141,286 ;
railroad property, $22,981,927 ; total, $329,485,505. State tax, 3.5 c.
on $100 : poll-tax of $1. in 1886. levied on 148,805 white and 99,428
colored citizens, between twenty-one and sixty years.
Railroads. — There is a steady development of railroad inter-
ests in this State. The statistics for 1885 show 3,116 m. of road,
out of which 2,735 m. are operated. The capital stock was $42,-
608,890 ; funded debt, $43,218,654 ; total investment. $89,894,784 ;
cost of railroad and equipment, $67,609,942. About 400 m. of ad-
ditional road were operated over 1884. The earnings from pas-
sengers were $2,716,541 ; from freight, $6,326,189 ; from all sources,
$9,831,602 ; net earnings, $2,701,884. The interest paid on bonds
was $1,733,230, and the dividends paid on stock $1,042,013.
Education.— The enrollment of white pupils in 1885 was 190,-
436 ; colored, 119,248. The average attendance in school was 209,-
184, a gain over the preceding year of 14.119. The State raised
for common-school purposes in 1885, $506,328.08. which was over
$40,000 in excess of the amount raised in 1882. The school appro-
priation by cities and counties was $205,463.49. Entire amount
available for school purposes, $715,791.57. Average per capita of
enrollment, $1,407 ; average per capita on average attendance,
10
Cost of operating the system,
$28,011.13 ; leaving 94 percent of the State
appropriation for payment to teachers.
The statistics of illiteracy in Georgia in
1880 showed that, out of 1,043,840 popula-
tion. there were 416,662 over ten years who
could not read, and 520.410 who could not
write. Of the latter class there were
128,362 white natives. There are seven
colleges in Georgia, the most important
of them being the State University at
Athens, which has half a dozen branches
and departments in different parts of the
State. There were 905 students in all the
departments at the end of 1885. The value
of grounds, buildings, and apparatus of
the colleges was $995,000.
Political State elections occur first
Wednesday in October ; congressional and
presidential, Tuesday after first Monday
in November. Number of Senators, 44 ;
Representatives. 175 ; terms of each, two
years. Session of Legislature biennial in
even-numbered years, meeting first Wed-
nesday in November, limit of session
forty days, unless extended by special vote. The Governor holds
office two years, and the Supreme judges for twelve years. Num-
ber of electoral votes, 12 ; number of voters, 321.438.
Agriculture. — The number of farms is 138,026, people en-
gaged in agriculture, 432,204. The area of farming-land is 26.127,-
953 acres, value $111,910,540. The average value of cleared land is
$6.93, of woodland $5.45 per acre : 72 per cent of the laborers
are engaged in agriculture (census of 18NJ). The reports of staple
crops for 1885 are herewith given :
CLASSES. Acres. Bushels. Value.
Corn 2,857,700 32,162,000 1 $18,653,960
Wheat 453,375 | 2,817,000 | 3,070,530
Oats 709.604 1 6,395,000 3,389.350
Rve 26,814 I 121,000 136.349
Barley 1.699 , 24.000 26.143
Potatoes 9.175 : 578.000 543.344
Tons.
Hay 16,642 16,692 230,325
Bales.
Cotton 3,047,698 960.025 39,413.826
Latest reported statistics of other products are rice. 20,369.687
lbs. ; sweet-potatoes, 4,397,778 bush. : tobacco, 228,590 lbs. ; wool,
1,289.560 lbs. : slieep on farms, 543,415.
Manufactures and Mining. — The U. S. census of 1880 cred-
its Georgia with manufacturing interests as follows : Number of
establishments, 3,593 : capital invested, $20,672,410 : number of
hands employed, 24,875 : amount paid in wages, S5.252.952 : value
of materials. $24,010,239 ; value of products, $36,447,448. The
principal branches are given below ;
CLASSES.
Capital.
Wages
paid.
Value of
material.
Value of
product.
Agricultural imple-
ments
$200,124
$77.5®
$337,846
$601,935
Carpentering
140,045
219.594
421,862
814,049
Cotton goods
6,537.657
1.141.782
4,039,673
6.513,490
Flour- and grist - mill
327,602
8 619,092
9,793,898
Foundry and machine-
shop
916,510
343,072
612,483
1.299.491
Iron and steel
1.135,900
185.489
631.707
990.850
554.085
3.197.155
4.875.310
579.054
Printing and publishing.
506,800
213.052
218,306
Rice cleaning and polish-
ing
263,000
34.957
1.309.400
1.488.769
Tar and turpentine
513,885
506,842
490,355
1,455.737
Woolen goods
180,733
25.070
165.065
239.390
The coal produced in Georgia in 1885, not used in local and
colliery consumption, was 133,929 long tons, the value at the mines
$180,000. The production of pig-iron in the same year was 32,924
short tons. Manganese, so important in working iron and steel,
yielded 2,580 long tons. Phosphate rock is extensively mined in
Glynn County, and the product of mineral fertilizers for 1885 was
85,000 short tons.
Commerce.— The State has four customs districts, and her
ports of entry are Savannah. Brunswick, and St. Mary's. The to-
tal imports of the State for 1886 were $431,063, her exports $21,514.-
644, the latter consisting principally of cotton and lumber. There
entered at the Georgia ports 411 vessels, of 261.149 tonnage and
there cleared 68 vessels, with tonnage of 76,628, the latter entirely
at Savannah. The number of the merchant marine registered,
enrolled, and licensed in the State was 131, with a tonnage of 33,462.
Fisheries. — River-fisheries employed 511 persons and 226
boats, with a capital of $22,545, and a yield in value of $65,678.
Oyster-fisheries employed 350 men, 100 boats, capital $18,500.
The yield was 70.000 bushels, at a value of $35,000. The total
fishery interests of the State showed 1.021 persons employed,
$84,671) capital, and $119,988 value of yield. The market value
was upward of $200,000. The most valuable of the fishery prod-
ucts are terrapin, shad, and sturgeon.
Relative Rank. — Georgia is tenth in area and thirteenth in
population ; also ranks second in rice and sweet-potatoes, third in
cotton and molasses, fourth in sugar, seventh in mules, and tenth
in hogs.
Burnsville
Scale of Miles
County Towns ® Railroads —
** This type indicates a population
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ISLAND
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Boston^
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Bristol
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Crawfordsville
St.Augusti
Palatkjj
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.Longitude
West
Greenwich
y Sparta
N 018.
Hi storieal. -Tin1 name is derived from
that of an Indian tribe, Illini, signifying
superior men. First explored in 1673 by
Marquette, and in 1079 by La Salle. French
settlements were formed at Crevecoeur,
Kaskaskia, and Cahokia in 1682. With the
subjugation of Canada, in 1763, the French
dominion 16. of the Mississippi became
English. In 1783 Illinois was ceded to the
United States by England and became part
of the Northwest Territory in 1787. After
the successive severance of Ohio in 1800,
of Indiana in 1805, and of Michigan in 1809,
the remainder of the Northwest Territory
was reconstituted as Illinois Territory, then
embracing Wisconsin and part of Minne-
sota. On Dec. 13, 1818, Illinois with its pre-
sent limits was admitted as a State, being
the eighth adopted under the Federal Con-
stitution. The early history was an un-
broken contest with the savages, the most
notable incidents being the Fort Chicago
Massacre, Aug. 15, 1812, and the Black-
Hawk war, 1832.
Geographical.— Illinois, consisting of 102 counties, has an
extreme length N. and S. of 358 in., extreme breadth 218 m.. and
an area of 56,650 sq. m. It is bounded N. by Wisconsin, N. E. by
Lake Michigan, E. by Indiana, from which it is separated in part by
the Wabash River. S. E. and S. by Kentucky, from which it is sep-
arated by the Ohio, and S. W. and W. by Missouri and Iowa, from
which it is separated by the Mississippi. The State is watered by
4,000 m. of navigable streams, giving it in connection with Lake
Michigan almost unrivaled facilities of water-carriage. Next to
Delaware and Louisiana, Illinois is the most level State in theUnion.
Its lowest elevation is 350 ft., its greatest 1,150 ft. ; mean elevation,
550 ft. above tide-water. Some hilly and broken land occurs in
the N. W. corner of the State, there is a low mountain ridge ex-
tending across the S. portion, and the river bluffs rise from 300 to
400 ft. With these exceptions, the surface consists of vast prairies,
level or gently undulating. The chief rivers within the State are
the Rock, Illinois, and Kaskaskia, affluents of the Mississippi, and
the Embarras and Little Wabash, tributaries of the Wabash.
Tiie largest.', the Illinois, is 500 m. long, of which 245 m. is naviga-
ble, and is connected with the Chicago River by the Illinois and
Michigan Canal, 95 m. long, thus giving navigation between Lake
Michigan and the Mississippi. In connection* with its tributaries
it. drains the N. and W. portion < if the State. The Rock River, in
the N. W. section, runs 300 m. W. to the Mississippi, being imper-
fectly navigable for 75 m. Several of the other rivers are naviga-
ble to a limited degree, but the grand water facilities of the State
depend mainly on the noble rivers running along the boundaries.
Natural Resources.— The rich, deep, alluvial soil, and its
ease of cultivation, place Illinois in the front rank of agricultural
States. It is especially adapted to Indian corn, oats, rye, barley,
and wheat, but it yields nearly every crop adapted to its latitudes
extending between 36° 59' and 42° 30' N. profusely. Hay, tobacco,
dairy products, and fruit are very important, and sheep, swine,
and cattle raising is an enormous industry. Illinois is one great
coal-field, about three quarters of the State being covered with
richly productive bituminous coal-beds, extending some 30.000 sq.
im, the beds being from 6 to 8 ft, thick. In N^ W. Illinois are
found very superior lead-mines. Salt is chiefly a product of the
southern section.
Climate — The level nature of the State causes extremes of
heat and cold, but the former is modified by ever-present breezes.
The climate on the whole is favorable to out-door occupations.
Average temperature on the 40th parallel is about 54° ; summer,
77° ; winter, 33|°. On the northern line of the State the mean
temperature is47J°; but at Cairo, the southernmost town, it is 58£°,
ranging in winter, 35° to 54° : in summer, from 76° to 80°. At
Peoria, about on the center line of the State, the rainfall is 35 in.
Principal Places.— Chicago, next to New York, the most im-
portant city in the United States for commerce and manufactures,
almost utterly destroyed in 1871 by fire ; Springfield, the capital ;
Bloomington, railway, shipping, and manufacturing center; Gales-
burg, seat of two colleges and manufacturing city ; Joliet, seat of
State Penitentiary and of heavy iron manufactures ; Elgin, famous
for its watch-works and manufacture of agricultural machinery ;
Peoria, very important manufacturing and coal-mining center ;
Quincy, railway and commercial center : Rockford, manufactur-
ing city ; Cairo, depot of Mississippi River trade and transporta-
tion ; Rock Island, seat of the largest U. S. armory and arsenal.
Population (U. S. census of 1880) : Total, 3,077,871 ; male,
1.586,523: female, 1,491.348: native, 2.494.295: foreign, 583,876 ;
white, 3,031.151; colored, 46.365 ; Chinese. 209; Indians, 140.
Population of important cities: Alton, 8.975; Aurora, 11.873;
Belleville, 10,683; Bloomington, 17.180; Cairo, 9,011; Chicago,
503,185: Decatur, 9,547 ; Elgin, 8,787; Galesburg, 11,437; Jack-
sonville. 10,927; Joliet, 11,657; Peoria, 29,529; Quincy, 27,868;
Rockford, 13,129 ; Rock Island, 11,659 ; Springfield, 19,743.
Educational — The school age is from six to twenty-one. and
the number enrolled, according to statistics of 1884-’85, was 738,787,
the average attendance being 490.536. The salaries of teachers
amounted to $5,897,428, and the total expenses, $10,198,928. The
statistics of illiteracy in 1880 showed out of a population of 2,269,-
315 over ten years old, 96.809 who could not read, and 145,397 who
could not write. There are in the State 27 colleges, with 300 in-
structors and between 5,000 and 6.000 students. The receipts from
fees and fixed income in 1885 were $274,320. The value of grounds,
buildings, and apparatus is estimated at $2,541,987.
Political The State, congressional, and presidential elec-
tions are held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November.
The number of State Senators. 51 ; Representatives, 153. Ses-
sions, which have no limit in time, are biennial in odd-numbered
11
years, and begin first Monday in January.
The terms are four years for Senators, two
years for Representatives. The Governor
and other State officers are elected for four
years, except the Treasurer, whose term
is only two years. Supreme Court consists
of seven judges, who are elected by the
people for nine years. The number of
electoral votes is 22 : that of voters. 796,847 ;
all white males, native or naturalized, of
age, are privileged to vote, except the in-
sane, idiots, and convicts.
Commerce. — Chicago Ls the sole port
of entry, though there are two customs
districts, and is the entrepot of all the
foreign commerce of the State. Her im-
ports in 1886 were $10,183,209 ; her exports
were $2,309,577. There entered at the port
of Chicago i i 1866, 155 vessels, of 59,785
tonnage ; and cleared, 377 vessels, of 127,156
tonnage. The total number of vessels reg-
istered, enrolled, and licensed in the State
was 376, of 69,308 tonnage.
Railways — The statistics of the State
for 1885 show 18.905 m. of railroad built, and 15,282 in operation, an
increase over the preceding year of m ally 6.000 m. in railroad-build-
ing. The capital stock was $325,972,182 ; the bonded debt, $317,241,-
906 : total investment, $739,093,003 ; cost of building and equipment,
$623,971,544. The earnings from passengers were $22,007,503 ; from
freight. $66,419,568 : gross earnings. $95,165,648 : net earnings, $38,-
534.612 ; interest paid, $15,987,993 : dividends on stock. $17,247,986.
Agriculture The number of farms is 255,74b of which 175,-
497 are occupied by their owners. The number of people devoted
to agriculture is 436,731 : the area of acres in farms, 32.402,343 ;
total value, $1,009,594,580 (U. S. census, 1880). The details of the
staple crops of the State, for 1885, are subjoined :
CLASSES.
Acies.
Bushels.
Value.
8,559,036
268,998,000
$75,319,440
Wheat
1.255,905
10,683,000
8.653,230
3,490.081
107,968,000
25.912.320
Rye
181.277
2,302.000
1.220,176
Barley
41,361
1.001,000
570.534
Buckwheat
15,491
194,000
123,928
Potatoes
142,198
12.371,000
Tons.
5,195,915
Hay
3,306,250
4,298,125
Lbs.
31,591,219
Tobacco
5,908
4,963,000
446,645
Manufactures and Mining The census of 1880 gave the
State 14,549 manufacturing establishments, employing 114.727
hands, and a capital of $140,652,066. The total amount paid in
wages was $57,429,085 ; value of materials, $289,826,907 : and value
of products, $414,864,673. The principal branches are given :
CLASSES.
Capital.
Wages paid.
Value of
material.
Value of
product.
Agricultural imple-
ments
$11,306,955
$3,186,999
$6,722,930
$13,498,575
Boots and shoes
2,453,831
1,221162
2,623.(j54
5.103.147
Carriages and wagons
3.466.830
1,429.705
2,391.111
5.003.053
Clothing, men’s
7, 135.533
3,929,964
12,809,297
19.356,819
Flour- and grist-mill-
products
13.579,680
1,868,124
41,486,756
'47,471.558
Foundry and machine-
shop products
7,568,359
3.644.369
7,107,553
13.515,791
Furniture
3,554.130
2,407.778
3.607.313
7.644.638
Iron and steel
6,460,620
2.508.718
14.977.145
20,545,289
Lard, refined
1,021,700
181.000
4,637,050
5,055,000
Leather, tanned
2,220,114
599,028
4,160.113
5.402.070
Liquors, distilled
3,437,616
9:14,751
10,066,860
14,600,760
Liquors, malt
6,098,835
754,510
3,261,272
5,798.109
1 .umber
3,295,483
787.867
3,144.905
5.063,027
Printing and publish-
ing.
3,625,400
2,401.894
2,807,361
7,114,039
Slaughtering and
meat-packing
12.019,980
4.077.617
84.649.718
97,891.517
The first coal-mine in America was located near Ottawa, in
1669. Bituminous coal-beds underlie three quarters of the State,
which is supposed to contain one seventh all known coal in North
America. The product in 1885 was 9,791.874 short tons. The pro-
duction of pig-iron at the smelting-furnaces was 327.977 short tons.
There is an annual production of from 5,000 to 8.000 tons of lead.
Tiie State made, in 1885, 35.000 short tons of mineral fertilizers.
Finances Illinois has no State debt. The State receipts for
1885 were $3,500,000 ; expenditures. $3,000,000 ; amount raised by
taxation, $3,000,000. Amount of taxable property, as assessed in
1884 : real, $578,229,388 ; personal, $157,124,671 ; railroad, $60,987,-
317 : total. $796,341,376. The estimated true valuation of property,
i real and personal, in 1880, was $13,092,000,000, or $1,005 per capita.
The rate of the State tax is 42c. on $100. In addition to State tax-
ation, the county taxes were about $5,000,000 ; city taxes. $7,000,-
000 : town and district taxes, $12,000,000.
Relative Rank,— The State ranks fourth in population and
thirteenth in area ; first in corn, oats, meat-packing, lumber-
j traffic, malt and distilled liquors, and miles of railroad ; second
in rye, coal, agricultural implements, and hogs : fourth in hay,
potatoes, iron and steel, mules, milch-cows and other cattle.
~f ILLINOIS 1
IN]) TANA.
Historical.— Originally settled by the
French at Vincennes in 1703, but little is
known of its early history. In 1763 it be-
came a British possession, and in 1783, by
treaty with Great Britain, it became part
of the United States. In 1789 it was made
part of the Northwest Territory, this term
being applied to all the public domain N.
of the Ohio River. This region was much
devastated from 1788 to 1791 by the Indians,
but their defeat in the latter year gave the
settlers peace for a time. Indiana was or-
ganized territorially July 4, 1800. In 1811
an Indian war, instigated by Tecumseh,
broke out, but the power of the savages
was broken at Tippecanoe. Hostilities did
not entirely cease till 1815. The State was
admitted Dec. 11. 1810.
Geographical. The State, containing
93 counties, is 270 in. extreme length, 140 m.
average breadth, and has an area of 36,350
sq. m. It is bounded N. by Michigan and
Lake Michigan. E. by Ohio, S. by Kentucky,
from which it is separated by the Ohio River,
and W. by Illinois, from which it is separated in part by the Wabash.
Two thirds of the State consists of level or rolling prairie, the rest
is broken or hilly land, rising from 100 to 600 ft. above the level of
the Ohio. The hilly regions are found along the Ohio and Wabash
Rivers. The table-lands, which extend back from the hills, con-
stitute ihe interior of the State. The Ohio River, which receives
most of the Indiana streams, none of them, however, navigable,
borders the State for 380 m. on the S. The Wabash rising in Ohio,
enters Indiana on the N. E., and runs S. W. till it becomes the W.
border line, when it runs S. to the Ohio River. Its length is 550 m. ,
300 m. being navigable for steamboats. The Maumee, which drains
a valley of 3.000 sq. m. in N. E. Indiana, is formed by the confiu
ence of the St. Joseph's and St. Mary’s, and passes into Ohio. The
only other important river is the White, which is made up of two
forks, uniting 50 m. above its entrance into the Wabash.
Natural Resources. — The State has in the main similar agri-
cultural characteristics with those of Illinois, though it is less sub-
ject to extreme variations of heat and cold, and therefore better
suited for certain crops. The richest lands are found along the
Wabash, White, and Whitewater Rivers, but few States have so
little unavailable soil. About one third of the State is covered
with a fine forest. The State is well adapted for all the produc-
tions of the middle belt of the United States, such as wheat, In-
dian corn, rye, oats, barley, buckwheat, potatoes, hay, flax, hemp,
tobacco, wool, hops, dairy products, fruit, live-stock, etc. Among
the natural resources must be included its geographical position,
which compels the whole land commerce between the manufact-
uring States of the East and the States west of the Mississippi to
pass through its territory. Without any direct foreign commerce
it has a vast domestic and interstate trade, by means of its navi-
gable waters, and its fine system of railroads and canals. The
mineral resources of the State consist principally of coal, which
forms part of the great coal-field of Illinois, Indiana, and Ken-
tucky. The Indiana coal-measures cover about 6,500 sq. m., and
are all bituminous. It is specially notable, because so much of it
is “ block.” Large deposits of iron are found, though not of the
best quality. Salt springs exist in E. Indiana, and fine quarries
of limestone and sandstone are worked.
Climate. — Indiana closely resembles Illinois in climate, though
the winters are milder. The mean temperature of winter is 31° ;
that of spring, 51° ; that of summer. 76° ; that of autumn, 76° ;
t he yearly average being 53°. the same as that of Bordeaux, France.
The' rainfall is from 38 in. to 40 in.
Principal Places — Indianapolis, the capital, a flourishing
commercial and manufacturing city, and seat of many important
public institutions ; Evansville, manufacturing city and commer-
cial depot of S. W. Indiana ; Fort Wayne, seat of extensive ma-
chine-shops and manufactures, and emporium of N. E. Indiana ;
Terre Haute, important iron, whisky, and pork market ; Lafay-
ette, railway and manufacturing center ; Logansport, railway
and lumber center : Madison, a busy headquarters of the iron and
provision trade, with many large factories ; and New Albany, a
handsome city, opposite Louisville, on the Ohio River.
Population (U. S. census of 1880): Total, 1.978,301 ; male,
1,010,361 ; female, 967,940 : native. 1.834,123 ; foreign, 144.178 ;
white, 1,938,798 : colored. 39.223 ; Chinese, 29 ; Indians. 246. Im-
portant cities : Evansville, 29,280 : Fort Wayne. 26.880 ; Indian-
apolis. 75,056; Lafayette, 14,860; Logansport, 11,198: Madison,
8,945 ; New Albany, 16,423 ; Richmond, 12,472 ; South Bend, 13,280 ;
Terre Haute, 26,042.
Commerce Evansville is a U. S. port of delivery, the only
one in the State. The State has no direct foreign trade, but the
domestic and interstate trade is vast. The number of steam-ves-
sels documented for the year 1886 was 55, of 8.198 tonnage.
Railways. — The mileage for 1885 was 5.600, but the number
of miles operated by Indiana corporations was 6.508. The capital
stock was §142.630,945 ; funded debt, §158.757.387 ; total invest-
ment, §319,765,715 ; and cost of road-bed and equipment, $218,254,-
971. The railroads received $8,845,119 from passengers, $23,933,-
880 from freights.-$33,439.542 from all sources. The net earnings
were $6,169,802 ; the interest paid on bonds. $5,710,644 ; the divi-
dend paid on stocks, $364,929.
Finances. — The amount of State debt on Nov. 1. 1885, was
$6,008,608.31, bearing from if to 5 per cent interest. The State
receipts for year ending Nov. 1, 1885, $5,062,964. State expendi-
ture for taxes for the year, $4,799,843. Amount raised by taxation,
$2,889,549. Total local taxation, Nov. 8. 1884, $12,992,405. Amount
of taxable property as assessed, 1885, real, $566,521,981 : personal.
$227,004,098 ; total, $793,526,079. Rate of State tax. 14i c. on $100.
There is a capitation-tax of 50 c. each poll for State purposes.
12
The estimated true valuation of property
in 1880 (U. S. census) was $1,499,000,000;
per capita, $758. The receipts from inter-
nal revenue for 1880 were $4,873,230. The
savings-banks of the State had. in 1884,
9,402 depositors, and deposits of $2,171,009.
Educational, The latest State re-
ports (1885) show 501,142 pupils enrolled,
between the ages of six and twenty-one,
in the common schools. The average daily
attendance was 325,499, the average dura-
tion of school in days, 126. The total ex-
penses were $4,660,000, the salaries of
teachers, $3,154,083. The management of
the common-school system is vested in a
general superintendent, superintendents
of the three largest cities, the presidents
of the State University, and the Normal
School. In addition, school trustees have
charge of educational interests in cities
and towns. Separate schools are provided
for negroes. There are 14 colleges in the
State, with 167 instructors, 3,000 students,
and an income of over $36,000 in fixed funds,
in addition to fees. The college libraries contain 81.500 volumes ;
estimated value of grounds, buildings, etc., $1,161,000.
Political The State, congressional, and presidential elec-
tions are on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November.
Number of State Senators' is 50, of Representatives 100. and the lim-
it of session 50 days. The sessions of the Legislature are biennial
in odd-numbered year-. The number of electoral votes is 15. the
number of voters 498,437. Those found guilty of fraud and bribery
are excluded from voting : also idiots, convicts, and the insane.
Agriculture The U. S. census of 188o gave Indiana 194.013
farms and 331,420 persons engaged in agriculture. The farming
area was 20.656,259 acres, and the estimated value $635,236. 111. The
average value of cleared land per acre was S30.46, of woodland
$26.90. The estimate of staple crops for 1885. by the U. S. Bureau
of Agriculture, was as follows :
CLASSES.
Acres.
Bushels.
Value.
Corn
3.720.681
131,994.000
$38,278,260
Wheat
2,518.455
26,659,000
22.926,740
Oats
1.014.630
27.178,000
6,794.500
Rye ♦
25,256
278,000
163.911
Barley
15,398
266,000
146.512
Buckwheat
8.737
89,000
57.926
Potatoes
94,151
6,779.000
Bales.
2,440,394
Hay
1,468,800
1,762,560
Pounds.
13,7:30.342
Tobacco
13,324
9,953,000
863.395
Latest attainable reports of other products estimate 37,659.029
lbs. of butter, and 1,521,275 lbs. of cheese. Hogs are a very im-
portant product and pork-packing an increasing business.
Manufactures and Mining. —According to the U. S. cen-
sus of 1880. the State had 11,193 manufacturing establishments,
employing 69.508 operators, and $65,742,962 of capital. The total
wages paid were $21,960,888; value of materials. $100,260,892;
value of products, $148,006,411. A detailed statement of the prin-
cipal branches is added :
CLASSES.
Capital.
Wages
paid.
Value of
material.
Value of
product.
Agricultural implements
$3,231,318
Si, 010.1 64
$2,182,137
$4,460,408
Hoots and shoes
760.218
494,435
975,089
2,143.774
( 'arpentering
Carriage and wagon ma-
284,790
425,249
1,114,488
2.006,094
terial
1.249.008
614.128
1.306,566
2,369,723
Carriages and wagons. .
2.732,417
1,133,233
1.605,103
3,998.520
Cars, steam- and street- .
450,000
791.267
3.792.600
4.960.500
Coppersmithing. .......
Flouring- and grist-mill
975,960
843,942
1,943,638
3,342.552
products
Foundry and machine-
9,484,123
989,087
26.104.637
29,591,397
shop products
3.993,758
1,672.520
3,915.164
6.833,648
Furniture
2.243,250
1,044.367
1.997,177
3,909,591
Iron and steel
2,283,000
804.921
3.293.073
4,551.403
Lumber sawed
7,948,088
1,571,740
9,627,097
14.260.830
Printing and publishing.
1,126,320
689,590
703,984
1.832.023
Saddlery a nd harness . . .
Slaughtering and meat-
898,825
430.264
1.168,735
2.126.896
packing
494.622
13,645,927
15,209.204
Woolen goods
2,273.705
462.681
1.823,390
2.729.347
The coal-fields of Indiana cover about 6,500 sq. m., and extend
from Warri-n County south to the Ohio. Tiie varieties are coking-
coal. Indiana block, and eannel. The production of the State in
1885 was 2.120,535 long tons, with a value at the minesof $2,731,250,
a decrease from the two preceding years. Of the 98 mines in the
State, 58 produce bituminous coal, 26 block. 10 semi-block, and 2
bituminous and eannel combined. The production of pig-iron fell
off from 12,500 short tons in 1880 to 6.634 short tons in 1885. The
State produced 5.000 tons of mineral fertilizers.
Relative Rank. — Indiana ranks sixth in population and
twenty-sixth in area : also fourth in hogs and agricultural imple-
ments : fifth in wheat and corn : seventli in horses, oxen, and
other cattle, malt and distilled liquors, and railway mileage ; and
tenth in hay and coal.
IOWA.
Historical. The name of the State,
originally applied to the river so called, is
derived from the Indian, and signifies
“beautiful land.” It was a part of the
Louisiana purchase, acquired in 1803. It
was first visited by a Frenchman, who
gave his name, Dubuque, to the place
where he settled in 1788. In 1831 the ter-
ritory now included in Iowa was placed
under the jurisdiction of Michigan, and in
1830 under that of Wisconsin. In 1838 Iowa
became a separate territory, including also
the greater part of Minnesota and the
whole of Dakota. The delimitation of the
State occurred when it was admitted as
such in 1840. The State capital was moved
from Iowa City to Des Moines in 1857. It
was the sixteenth State admitted under the
Federal Constitution.
Geographical. — Iowa is divided into
119 counties, is 208 m. N. and S. by 300 m.
E. and W„ and has an area of 50,025 sq.
m. It is bounded N. by Minnesota, E.
by the Mississippi, which separates it
from Wisconsin and Illinois ; S. by Missouri, and W. by the
Missouri and Big Sioux Rivers, which separate it from Nebraska
and Dakota. Beside the great rivers which bound it, there
are several important navigable streams within the State, be-
sides numerous minor rivers, which furnish excellent water-
power. All discharge ultimately into the great boundary rivers.
The Iowa rises in the northern part of the State, runs S. E. 300 rn.,
aud reaches the Mississippi about 35 m. above Burlington, being
navigable to Iowa City, 80 m. from the mouth. The largest in-
terior river, the Des Moines, runs from N. W. to S. E., through the
whole of the State, somewhat over 300 in., draining 10,000 sq. m.
of territory, and is part of the boundary-line of S. E. Iowa, where
it empties into the Mississippi. Another large interior river is the
Red Cedar, an affluent of the Iowa, and running a long distance
almost parallel. The Little Sioux rises near the Minnesota bor-
der, and meanders S. and S. W. 250 in., till it discharges into the
Missouri. Various other streams of considerable volume and
length are affluents of those already mentioned, while a number
flow into Missouri, and three join the river of the same name.
The surface of the State is rolling prairie, and is celebrated for
its picturesque beauty. It is a table-land dotted with small but
beautiful lakes, sweeping back from a breastwork of bluffs on the
rivers from 40 to 130 ft. high, and affording an attractive union of
forest and plain. N. E. Iowa presents many hills and mounds,
through which the rivers break in beautiful waterfalls.
Natural Resources — There is no poor land, and owing to
its rolling prairie, elevation, and splendid drainage, Iowa is one
of the most healthy of States. It gives a large yield in all the
cereals, being specially noted for its crops of wheat, Indian corn,
and oats. Flax. hemp, tobacco, the castor-oil plant, potatoes,
barley, buckwheat, hay, wool, daily products, hops, and flax
are also important staples. In live-stock, cattle, sheep, and
swine, notably the latter, it holds a high place. In the minerals,
coal and lead, the State stands high. Proportionately to the size
of the lead district, which lies about Dubuque, no mines in the
country have yielded so largely and richly, 70 per cent of fine lead
being an average. The coal-fields lying in the southern section
occupy some 20,000 sq. m., and yield bituminous coal of excel-
lent quality. They have as yet been only partly developed. There
are also extensive beds of peat, immense deposits of gypsum of
great purity, building-stone of superior quality, both limestone
and sandstone, brick, fire and pottery clay, and valuable oil-stone.
Climate. — The mean temperature of the year is about. 48° F„
average summer weather being 70£°, and that'of winter 23£°. The
temperature is seldom lower than — 10°, or higher than 90°. The
mean annual rainfall observed during a period of thirty years has
been 44 '27 in.
Principal Places — Des Moines, the capital, important rail-
way center, and seat of public institutions ; Davenport, manu-
facturing and coal-mining center, and the great grain depot of
the upper Mississippi ; Burlington, on the Mississippi, railway and
commercial center, and emporium of the river-trade ; Dubuque,
depot of the lead-mining region, and important shipping point ;
Keokuk, important point for shipping aud manufactures ; Coun-
cil Bluffs, converging point for all Eastern railways connecting
with the Union Pacific R. R. : Cedar Rapids, agricultural, manu-
facturing. and railway center ; Ottumwa, trading and manu-
facturing city ; and Sioux City, shipping point on the Missouri
River.
Population.— (State census. 1885. 1 Total, 1.753,980 : Male. 911.-
759 : female, 842,221 ; native, 1,443,576 ; foreign, 310,404 ; white,
166,670 ; colored, 9,310. Important cities : Burlington, 23,459 ;
Cedar Rapids. 15,426 ; Clinton. 12,012 ; Council Bluffs, 21,557 ;
Davenport. 23,830 ; Des Moines, 32,469 ; Dubuque. 23,330 ; Keokuk,
13,151 ; Muscatine, 10,389 ; Ottumwa, 10,506 ; and Sioux City,
19,060.
Commerce. — Iowa has no direct foreign commence. She has
three ports of delivery on the Mississippi River (Burlington, Du-
buque, and Keokuk), which do the shipping-trade of the State.
On June 30, 1886, the U. S. Treasury report recorded 81 vessels, of
8,832 tonnage, registered, enrolled, and licensed in the State. The
trade of Iowa, interstate and domestic, is very large.
Railways. — The mileage of 1885 was 7,504, with 2,222 m. oper-
ated. The aggregate capital stock was $49,302,974, the funded
debt $49,789,258, a total investment of $105,635,103. and the cost
of road-bed and equipment $98,367,081. The income from pas-
sengers was $1,137,745 ; from freight, $4,337,358 ; from all sources.
$6,028,718. The net earnings were $1,698,418 ; $2,181,886 was paid
in interest on bonds, and $539,206 in dividends on stock.
Finances — The amount of State debt in September. 1884, was
$245,439, this being the amount chargeable to the revenue fund
13
to the credit of the school fund, and bear-
ing 8 per cent interest. The Slate receipts
for two years, ending June 30, 1885, were
$2,566,725. The State expenditures for the
same period were $2,419,573. The amount
raised by taxation for the year ending
Jan. 1. 1885. was $1,148,936. The taxable
property for 1885 was, real, $354,614,837 ;
personal, $103,372,905 : railroad, $31,672,337;
total valuation, $489,600,081. The State
tax is 25 cents on $100. The legal interest
is 6 per cent, but by contract may be 10 per
cent.
Educational. The State census re-
port (1885) shows 8.395 school districts;
10,436 ungraded schools ; 11,955 school-
houses, valued al $10,808,089 ; number of
pupils enrolled, 472.966. with a total aver-
age attendance of 284.498 ; number of
teachers, 23,119. The number of private
schools and seminaries was 216, represent-
ing 21,856 pupils. There were 20 colleges,
with 213 instructors and 3,523 students, the
receipts of which, from fees and fixed
funds, were $114,042. The volumes in the college libraries were
71,935 ; and the total value of grounds, buildings, and apparatus,
$1,571,500. The most important colleges are the State University,
at Iowa City ; State Agricultural College, at Ames; Drake Uni-
versity, at Des Moines : aud Cornell College, at Mount Vernon.
Agriculture.— The State census of 1885 gave the State 232.225
farms ; average acres per farm. 142 ; improved land, 20,189.894
acres ; unimproved land. 8,058,853 acres ; number of persons en-
gaged in farming pursuits, 239,983. The average value per acre
of cleared land was $27.36. and of woodland $39.36. The report of
the U. S. Bureau of Statistics of Agriculture for 1885 gives the
following figures of staple crops :
CLASSES.
Acres.
Bushels.
V alue.
Corn
. . . 7.549,542
342,496,000
$58,199,040
Wheat
2.688.944
30,332.000
20.322.440
Oats
2,210,338
74.718.000
16,437,960
Rye
127,459
1,746,000
803.246
5.106.000
1,991,331
Buckwheat
20.679
244.000
165.928
Potatoes
137,563
12,381,000
Bales.
5,076,075
Hay
.... 3,787.500
4,355,6-25
21,124,781
The State census of 1885 furnishes the following additional
statement of crops, cattle, sheep, etc. : Tobacco, 440,690 lbs. ;
sorghum molasses, 1,971.818 galls. ; apples. 4,113.591 bit. ; grapes.
9,096,396 lbs. : honey, 1,997,931 lbs. ; flax-seed. 2,663.073 bu. : milk
sent to cheese-factory. 21,971.419 galls. ; dairy home products,
48,326,757 lbs. of butter and 942,099 lbs. of cheese : milch-cows,
992,313 ; horses, 843,767 ; hogs, 4,514,621 ; wool. 2.289.430 lbs ;
value of garden produce, $735.020 ; value of orchard products.
$1,973,620 : value of dairy products, $13,797,327 : value of cattle
sold, and of herd products aside from dairy. $58,275,909.
Manufactures and Mining — Iowa (U. S. census of 1880)
had 6.291 manufacturing establishments, employing 28.372 hands,
and $33,987,860 capital. The amount paid in wages was $9,725,-
962 ; the value of material. $48,704,311 : and the value of products,
$71,045,926. The more important branches are subjoined :
CLASSES.
Agricultural implements. I
Carriages and wagons
Cheese and butter
Clothing, men's.
Flouring- and grist-mill j
products
Foundry and machine-
shop products
Furniture
Liquors, malt
Lumber, sawed
Printing and publishing. !
Saddlery and harness — ,
Sash, doors, and blinds..
Slaughtering and meat-
packing
Capital.
Wages paid.
Value of ma-
terial.
Value of
products.
$1,185,530
$243,635
$601,096
$1,271,872
1.505,645
610.017
1.042.758
2.212.197
657,508
139,813
1.261.316
1,736,400
665,363
353,100
830,510
1.508.398
7,890,859
748,045
16,488,480
19,089.401
1,032,550
471.574
747,559
1,594,349
744,670
314,752
624.453
1.293,504
1,987,343
218.017
928.1.35
1,653,851
4,946,390
825.244
4,141,885
6.185.628
1,125,086
498.239
514,380
1.399.289
964.728
380.552
1,173.862
2.068.486
713,200
238,592
847.002
1.286.072
1,955,500
530,188
9.990,845
11.285.032
The coal product of the State for 1885 was 3,583,737 long tons,
valued at $4,819,230 at the mines. ,
Political.— The State elections are annually held on the
Tuesday after the first Monday in October, excepting years of
presidential elections, when State, congressional, and presidential
elections occur together. There are 50 senators and 100 repre-
sentatives in the State Assembly, the sessions of which are bien-
nial on even-numbered years : meeting second Monday in Jan-
uary There is no limit of session : the term of Senators is four
years that of Representatives two years, that of Governor the
same Supreme Court judges are elected for six years. The
number of electorial votes is 13. of voters (Census 1880) 416.6o8.
Relative Rank The State, tenth in population (by the cen-
sus of 1880) and fifteenth in area ; according to 1885 statistics,
first in hogs : second in milch-cows, oxen, and other cattle, corn,
hay and oats : third in horses, wheat, and miles of railroad ; fifth
in coal, barley, and potatoes ; sixth in rye.
IOWA
^eokuk
K ANSA S.
When tin* territory of Kansas /pi
lized, in 1854, it was declared by
r'v'&Si
//~-7
- r ~S
Historical. — Kansas, derived from
an Indian name meaning “ smoky water,”
was visited i>y the Spaniards in 1541 ; after-
ward by llie French in 1719. It came to
the United States through the Louisiana
purchase, and was a portion of the terri-
tory which, by the Missouri Compromise of
1820, was always to remain untouched by
slavery,
was organize
Congress that the Missouri Compromise
was abolished. This led to the Kansas
troubles, which lasted till 1859, with various
vicissitudes, when a free Constitution was
adopted, forever prohibiting slavery. This
imbroglio played an important part in in-
tlaming the passions of North and South,
and ripening the conditions which made
our late civil war inevitable. Kansas was
admitted to the Union in 1861, and during
the war was the scene of much desultory
fighting, of a savage nature.
Geographical. — Kansas in form is
nearly rectangular, being 410 m. E. and
W., and 210 N. and S., with an area of 82.080 m. It is divided
into 113 counties, and is bounded N. by Nebraska, E. by Mis-
souri, from which it is partly separated by the Missouri River,
S. by the Indian Territory, and W. by Colorado. It is the geo-
graphical center of the United States, excluding Alaska. The
general surface is an elevated plateau, sloping from an altitude of
3.500 ft. above the sea on the W. border to the E. line at mouth of
Kansas River, 750 ft. above the sea. E. Kansas is undulating, with
a diversity of rolling prairie, grass-covered hills, and fertile val-
leys, well timbered and well watered. W. Kansas is more uniform,
and finely adapted for grazing purposes. The Missouri borders
the State for 150 m. No other rivers are navigable, though several
are of considerable length. The Kansas River is formed by the
confluence of the Republican and Smoky Hill Rivers, near Junction
City, whence it flows about 150 m. E. to the Missouri, near Kansas
City. The Republican rises in Colorado, and winds through both
Kansas and Nebraska before again entering Kansas, being about
400 m. long. The Big Blue River and the Grasshopper are both
its affluents. Two thirds. of the State lies S. of the Kansas and
Smoky Hill Rivers, and is therefore called Southern Kansas. The
Osage rises in the N. E. part of the State, and runs S. E. 125 m. to
the Missouri. The most important streams running S. are the Neo-
sho, rising in the center of the State, flowing S. E. about 200 m. into
the Indian Territory ; the Verdigris, flowing nearly parallel to the
Neosho, and passing into the Indian Territory ; and the Arkansas,
which has its sources in the Rocky Mountains, in Colorado. This
river runs nearly three fourths of the length of Kansas, E. and
S. E., and with its tributaries, the Walnut, Little Arkansas, and
the Cow Creek, waters two thirds of the S. part of the State. Its
windings in Kansas are about 500 m.
Natural Resources The coal-bearing region of the State
is in the E. portion, has a general width of 120 m.. and embraces
17,000 sq. m. A good quality of bituminous coal is extensively
w'orked. Salt exists in large quantities, in springs, in salt marshes,
and in crystallized beds, though it is but little worked for com-
mercial use. The iron-ores are not of a profitable grade. Lead,
alum, limestone, petroleum, natural gas, excellent building-stone,
and brick-making clays are found. The climate is well adapted
for all the hardier fruits and the cereals : but for grazing pur-
poses the State is unsurpassed, on account of the buffalo-grass,
which grows on the prairies like a thick mat. The rearing of cat-
tle and sheep is a prominent industry.
Climate.— No Western State has a more agreeable climate or
more bright days. The winters are comparatively mild and snow-
less, while there is a heavy rainfall from March to October. In
summer the air is dry and pure, the nights agreeably cool, and the
atmosphere so clear as to occasion comment. The most disagree-
able feature of the climate is found in the severe winter winds,
which sweep from the N. W. The mean annual temperature for
five years was 52'8° ; spring, 52 2° ; summer, 75'5° ; autumn, 54'3° ;
and winter, 291". The annual average rainfall during the same
period was 44 09 in., the ratio of 34T5 in. falling between March 1st
and October 1st.
Principal Places.—1 Topeka, capital and seat of public and
educational institutions ; Lawrrence, commercial and manufactur-
ing city : Leavenworth, largest city, metropolis, manufacturing
and commercial emporium ; Atchison, railroad center and manu-
facturing city ; Fort Scott, mining emporium and important mili-
tary post.
Population. — (U. S. census, 1880.) Total, 996,096: Male, 536,667;
female, 459,429 ; native, 886,010 ; foreign, 110,086 ; white, 952,155 ;
colored, 43,107 ; Chinese, 19 ; Indians, 8,150. Larger cities : Atchi-
son. 15.105 ; Fort Scott, 5,372 : Lawrence, 16,546 ; Topeka, 15,452 ;
Wichita, 4,911 : Wyandotte. 6.140. The State census for 1885 gave
Kansas a population of 1,268,562.
Railroads.— In 1884 there were 4,065 m. of road, 4,033 m. of
which were in operation. In 1885 Kansas had 4.441 m. built, of
which 4,140 m. were operated. The capital stock w’as $92,458,-
425 ; the funded debt, $82,501,184 ; the total investment, $195,716.-
725 ; cost of road-bed and equipment, $179,060,961. The statistics
of the amount of business done, etc., are noticeable. The gross
earnings from all passengers were $5,373,588 ; from freight. $16,-
121,720 ; gross earnings from all sources, $22,753,284 ; net earnings,
$9,440,330. The interest paid on bonds was $3,723,444 ; the divi-
dend on stocks, $3,800,946. Few of the States present a showing
of more solid railw'ay balances.
. Finances.— The amount of State debt July 1, 1886, u’as $847,-
500, bearing 6 and 7 per cent interest. The amount in sinking-fund
was $21 000 ; permanent school-fund, $607,925 ; State receipts for
year ending July 1, 1886, $3,311,974.81; State expenditures for
same year. $2,72f,701.65 ; amount raised by taxation for the year
14
ending July 1, 1886. $1,082,47656. The value
of taxable property as assessed was. real,
$189,035,723 : persona I. §55,491,779 ; railroad
property, $32,453,770 ; total, §227,581,278.
The estimated true valuation of property,
real and personal, in 1880 (U. S. censusi,
was $575,000,000, as against §188,892,014 in
1870. The internal-revenue receipts de-
rived from Kansas in 1880 were §204,516.
Educational . — The general super-
vision of education is under a State Super-
intendent, and there are county superin-
tendents. The Board of Education consists
of State Superintendent, and the Presidents
of the State University, the Agricultural
College, and of Ihe two Normal Schools at
Emporia and Leavenworth. The number
enrolled in the public schools in 1885 was
335,538, the average daily attendance being
194,325. The expenses of the common-
school system for the >rear above named
was $3,338,652. The statistics of illiteracy
(U. S. census of 1880; were, out of 704,297
population over ten years, 25.503 who could
not read, and 39.476 who could not write. The principal insti-
tutions cf learning in Kansas art th: State lmv: r:,i[\ at Law-
rence, State Agricultural College at Manhattan, and St. Benedict's
College (Romanist) at Topeka. In all the colleges there were 116
instructors and 1.973 students, with an income of §106.295 in 1885.
Political. — The State, congressional, and presidential elec-
tions are held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November.
The sessions of the General Assembly are biennial, meeting the
second Tuesday in January in odd-mimhered years. The limit is
50 days. The Senate consists of 40, elected for four years ; the
House of 125 members, elected for two years. The Governor
is elected for two years, and the Supreme Court Judges, three in
number, for six years. The number of electoral votes is 9. The
number of voters, according to the census of 1880, 265.714.
Agriculture.— The number of farms in 1880 w as 138.561. the
total land area 52,288,000 acres, the forest area 3.500,000. the num-
ber of persons engaged in agriculture 206.080, the average value
per acre of cultivated land §11.82, of woodland §19.12. The report
of the U. S. Bureau of Statistics furnishes the following figures for
the staple crops of 1885 :
CLASSES.
Acres.
Bushels
Value.
Corn
4.884.550
158,390,000
$38,041,600
Wheat
1,060,250
11,197,000
7.278.050
Oats
853,000
27.145,000
6.243.350
205,461
2.383.000
953,339
Barley
42.145
877.000
298,049
Buckwheat
1,889
24.000
14.876
Potatoes
87,638
7.011.000
Tons.
3,645,741
Hay
3,040.000
3.800.000
16.150.000
The latest reported statistics of some other crops give : castor-
beans, 766,143 bu. ; cotton, 33.859 lbs. ; flax. 1,315,130 bu. : and
hemp, 557,879 bu. The U. S. Bureau of Statistics of Agriculture
estimated animals as follow s for 1885 : Horses. 549,406. value §38,-
446,250 ; mules, 79,615, value $7,136,992 : milch cows. 579,095. value
$16,367,204: oxen and other cattle, 1,494.259. value $34,273,065:
sheep, 1,190,163, value §1,898,667: hogs. 2.275.178. value §11,059.640.
Manufactures and Mining. — The census of 1880 shows 2,803
establishments, employing $11,192,315 of capital and 12,064 hands.
The total amount paid’in wages was §3,999.599. the value of mate-
rials used §21.407,941. and the value of products §30,843.797. Below
is given a table of the more important specified industries :
CLASSES.
Capital.
Wages
paid.
Value of
material.
Value of
product.
Blacksmithing
§293.857
§194,266
§263,183
§816.156
Boots and shoes
122,235
1U4. U.S3
161.314
402,670
Carpentering
223,020
389.245
1.056,004
1.799.648
Carriages and wagons
247,500
217,364
357.920
745,800
Flouring- and grist-mill
products
520,300
10,286.121
11.858.002
Iron and steel
450,000
166,500
7:34,245
1.004.100
Foundry and machine-
shops
436,300
304.874
386.208
889,294
Lumber, sawed
262,975
66,757
447,449
682.697
Printing and publishing. .
289,565
197,862
212..359
519,597
Saddlery and harness —
338.605
155,877 |
■ 468,383
835.9:34
Slaughtering and meat-
packing
1,669.400
263,600
4.320.802
5,618,714
Tin, copper, and sheet-
iron ware
299.675 '
1:35,939
332.617
629.603
Tobacco, cigars, etc
170,100
124.1X17
246.732
479,089
The coal area of Kansas is 17.500 m., and occupies the entire
E. portion of the State. The output in 1885 was 1,082,230 long tons:
value at the mines, §1,410,438. The production of spelter or zinc
ore in Kansas for the same year was 8,502 short tons, value about
§150,000. , ,
Relative Rank.— The census of 1880 placed the population
the twentieth in rank, while the area is seventh. According to the
statistics of 1885. Kansas stood third in rye, fourth in corn and
hay, fifth in oxen and cattle, seventh in horses and swine, eighth
in potatoes, ninth in milch-cows, tenth in oats, thirteenth in wheat
and coal, and seventeenth in sheep.
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KENTUCKY.
Historical. -The name Kan-tuck kee
signifies “darkened bloody ground,’’ and
the country now included in the State was
originally the common hunting-ground for
the Indian tribes living N. and S. of it. The
first white visit was that of John Finley and
others, from North Carolina, in 1707. Dan-
iel Boone made a permanent settlement in
1709. Col. James Knox planted a Virginian
colony in 1770, followed by others in 1773-
’74, and James Harrod founded Harrods-
burg in 1774. The irruption of whites was
met by the Indians in a series of fierce
and bloody conflicts. In 1775 theCherokees
ceded the country to Boone, who acted as
agent for Col. James Henderson and his
company. Kentucky was a part of Vir-
ginia till 1790, when it became a separate
territory. It was admitted as a Slate into
the Union in 1792, being the second admit-
ted. A second Constitution was adopted in
1800, and the present one in 1850. Ken-
tucky during the civil war endeavored to
hold a position of neutrality. The chief
battles fought in the State were Mill Spring, Jan. 19, 1862, and
Perry ville, Oct. 8, 1802.
Geographical. Its greatest length E and W. is 350 m., and
its greatest breadth 178 m. The area is 40,400 so. m. It is divided
into 117 counties, and is bounded N. by the Ohio River, which
separates it from Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio ; E. by West Virginia
and Virginia, from which it is separated by the Big Sandy River
and the Cumberland Mountains ; S. by Tennessee : and W. by the
Mississippi, separating it from Missouri. The State has a river
frontage of 812 m., and 4,000 m. of navigable waters. The Ohio
River, forming the N. boundary in a winding course of 600 m.,
with its affluents, the Licking, Kentucky, Green, Cumberland, and
Tennessee, and several smaller streams, furnishes water comma
nication to all parts of the State. The latter-named streams flow
through Kentucky in a general N. W. direction. The Licking,
about 200 m. long, is navigable for about 70 m., emptying into the
Ohio between Covington and Newport, opposite Cincinnati. The
Kentucky is about 260 m. long, and is navigable by steamboats
for 80 m. Green River, about 800 m. long, flows W. until the Big
Barren enters it, when it turns N. W., and joins the Ohio about 50
m. above the Cumberland. It is navigable to Greensburg, a dis-
tance of 200 m. Cumberland River rises in the valley between the
Cumberland and Laurel Mountains, runs W., and finally turns S.
into Tennessee, whence it again returns to Kentucky, anil flows to
the Ohio in a N. W. course. It affords admirable navigation for
sloops and steamboats to Nashville, Tenn., a distance of 200 m.,
and for small boats it is navigable for more than 300 m. The
Tennessee, emptying 10 m. W. of the Cumberland, only runs 70
m. through W. Kentucky, but it furnishes steamboat navigation
to Florence, Ala., 300 m. from its mouth. W. Kentucky is nearly
level. The southeast is broken by the Cumberland Mountains and
its spurs. N. and W. of this mountain-region lies a noble upland,
the famous “ blue-grass country.”
Natural Resources. — Excellent coal is found in the western,
northeastern, and southeastern portions of the State. N. E. Ken-
tucky is also richly supplied with iron of a good quality, and scat-
tered beds of ore are found in different portions of the State.
Other minerals, which are worked commercially, are fire and
potter's clay, salt, limestone, building-stone, and glass-sand. In
agricultural resources it takes a high rank. All the cereals yield
noble returns, and the tobacco-crop is the largest in the country.
For stock- and dairy-farming it stands high.
Climate. — The mean annual temperature is about 55° F.
The winter temperature rarely reaches 15°, generally varying be-
tween 34“ and 44°. In summer the thermometer ranges between
75° and 90“. The rainfall is about 50 in.
Principal Places. — Frankfort, the capital ; Covington and
Newport, on opposite sides of the Licking River at its mouth, and
opposite Cincinnati, Ohio, beautiful residence cities ; Lexing-
ton, the most important inland city, and former State capital ;
Louisville, the commercial emporium, an important river-
port, and noted for the business done in tobacco and pork-pack-
ing ; Paducah, a river-port, and railway and manufacturing
center.
Population.— (U. S. census of 1880.) Total, 1,648,690; male,
832,590; female, 816,100: native, 1,589,173 ; foreign, 59,517 ; white,
1,377,179; colored, 271,451; Chinese, 10; Indians, 50: slaves in
I860, 225,451. The leading towns are as follows : Bowling Green,
5.114; Covington, 29,720; Frankfort, 6,953; Henderson. 5,365;
Lexington. 16,656; Louisville, 123,758; Mays ville, 5,220 ; Newport,
20,435 ; Queensboro’, 6,231 ; Paducah, 8.036.
Commerce — The two ports of entry are Louisville and Padu-
cah. The imports of Louisville for the year ending June 30, 1886,
were $285,436. The great bulk of business is domestic and inter-
state. Tlie two ports named above had, in 1884, 80 vessels of 18,493
tonnage, registered, enrolled, and licensed.
Railways. The railway mileage of the State. Jan. 1, 1886,
was 2,158 m., of which 2,064 m. were operated. The capital ac-
count showed $68,871,683 in stock and $116,289,914 funded debt.
The total investment was $190,738,836 : the cost of road-bed and
equipment, $157,353,861. The gross earnings from passengers
were $3,198,002 ; from freight, $8,547,660 ; from all sources, $12,-
604,156. The net earnings were $4,929,236; the interest paid on
bonds, $3,864,946.
Finances.— The amount of the State debt on Dec. 1. 1886, was
$674,000 bearing 4 per cent interest. The amount in the sinking-
fund was $704,500, The State receipts for the year ending June
30, 1886, were $3,224,436.60, and the State expenditures for the
same period, $3, 207, 777.96. The amount raised by taxation in 1886
was $1,90716 4.03. The amount of taxable property, as assessed
in 1885, was, real estate, $294,194,277 ; personal, $98,198.72 ; rail-
15
roads, $173,227; total, $392,566,276. The
total valuation of property under the U. K.
census of 1880 was $880,000,000. or S-VH per
capita. The receipts for internal revenue
in 1886 were $15,746,941.
Educational. The interests of the
State in this direction are committed to the
Superintendent (elected for four years).
Secretary of State, and Attorney-General,
together with two professional teachers,
selected by them. The colored schools are
distinct from the white schools, and are
supported by taxes, fines, and penalties
imposed on the colored race. The total
receipts of the white and colored school
funds for the year ending June 30, 1885.
were $1,293,704.35. and the expenditures for
the same period $1,184,825.70. The number
of white children enrolled in school for
1885 was 282.514, and there was a daily at-
tendance of 70,340. The statistics of illiter-
acy in 1880 showed, out of a population of
1,163.498 over ten years old, 258,186 who
could not read, and 348.392 who could not
write. There were 14 colleges with 134 instructors, and 2,100 stu-
dents in 1885. The total value of grounds, buildings, and appa-
ratus, was $825,000. The principal of these are the Kentucky
University, consisting of five faculties and colleges : the Agricult-
ural College, at Lexington ; Berea College, at Berea : George-
town and St. Mary’s Colleges, at the towns of the same name.
Agriculture.— The number of farms by the < ■* i.-- of 1880
was 166,453 ; the farming area, 21.941.974 ; the value, $299,298,031 ;
and the number of persons engaged in agriculture, 320,571. The
staple crops in 1885 were as follows :
CLASSES.
Acres.
Bushels.
Value.
Corn
3.551,667
90.569,000
$31,699,150
Wheat
1,055,760
3,759,000
3,571,050
491.545
10,225,000 l
3,374,250
Rye
93.347
495.000
351.265
Barley
19.564
312.000
229.388
Buckwheat 1
1.152
11,000
7.419
Potatoes
50,556
3. 38?. 000 J
Tons.
1.422,646
313.200
313,200 1
Lbs.
3,210,300
Tobacco
Hemp
265,093
209.423.000
2,567,594
13,612,526
Kentucky is famous for its breeding of thoroughbred iiorses
and other animals. Aside from these the figures given below
represent the stock on farms in 1885 : Horses. 383,034, value $24,-
394,384 : mules, 124,185. value $8,616,370 : milch-cows, 307.767, value
$8,780,593 ; oxen and other cattle. 529.071. value $11,208,055 ; sheep.
903,223, value $2,024,665 : swine, 2,032,138. value $7,068,996.
Manufactures and iVIining. -The census report of 1880
credited Kentucky with 5,328 manufacturing establishments, em-
ploying $45,813,039 capital, and 37,391 hands. The total amount paid
in wages was $11,657,844 ; the value of material. $47,461,490 : and
the value of products, $75,483,377. Leading branches are shown :
CLASSES.
Capital.
Wages paid.
Value of
material.
Value of
product.
Agricultural imple-
ments
$2,296,037
$364,385
$823,392
$1,647,116
Carpentering
342,975
322.266
802,962
1 ,525.994
Carriages and wagons
726,950
376.422
716,940
1,474.475
( 'lothing, men’s
767,700
351,616
820.611
1,506.668
Cooperage
410,815
394.790
573,496
1.243,930
Flouring- and grist-
mill products
3,685,759
336,419
8,406,432
9,604.147
Foundry and machine-
shops
2.283,350
763,392
1,690,171
3,013.079
Iron and steel
5,493,035
1,344.400
3,223,799
5,090,029
Leather tanned
1.741,430
204.435
1,799,047
2,511,960
Liquors, distilled
6,345,922
560,121
5.453,575
8,281,018
Lumber, sawed
2,290,558
671,939
2.410.743
4,064.361
Saddlery and harness.
582,805
261,543
753,346
1,370,885
Slaughtering and
meat-packing
2,229,500
150,576
3,644.059
4,538,888
Tobacco, chewing,
smoking, etc
1.069,800
344,219
2,232.030
3,734.835
The output of Kentucky in bituminous coal for the year 1885
was 1,700,000 long tons, with a value at the mines of $2,094,400.
The yield of pig-iron was 37,553 short tons. The production of
hydraulic cement was 850,000 barrels, and of mineral fertilizers
4,000 short tons.
Political.— The State elections are biennial, and take place in
odd-numbered years, on the first Monday in August. The con-
gressional anil presidential elections are on the Tuesday after the
first Monday in November. The number of Senators is 38. that of
members 100 ; the former holding for four, the latter for two
years. The sessions of the Legislature are biennial, in even-num-
bered years. The Governor is elected for four years, as are all
the executive officers, except the Treasurer, who holds for two
years. The number of electoral votes is 13 ; that of voters, accord-
ing to census of 1880, 376.221.
Relative Rank The State in 1S80 ranked eighth in popula-
tion. and twenty-fifth in area. It is first in tobacco ; eighth in corn ;
tenth in swine ; eleventh in coal : thirteenth in horses ; fourteenth
in wheat ; fifteenth in sheep ; sixteenth in oats and milch-cows.
LOUISIANA.
Historical. — The State was named
after I .on is XIV, King of France, in whose
reign I lie Mississippi River was explored
to its mouth, in 1682, and the deltoid region
colonized. The lirst settlement was made
at Biloxi, now in Mississippi, in 1092. In 1702
posts were established on Dauphin Island
and at Mobile. It was not till sixty years
later that the Perdido River ceased to be
the E. boundary of the province. New Or-
leans was founded in 1718, and the seat of (
the colonial government was transferred
to it in 1722. The province for a time was e
under the control of the Company of the :
Mississippi, an outcome of the John Law
scheme, and acquired prosperity under its
management. The charter was surren-
dered to the crown in 1782. In 1702 the ter-
ritory was ceded to Spain, but retroceded
in 1800. in 1808 France sold her province
of Louisiana to the United States for
$15,000,000. Tlie region included in this
purchase embraced all the country W. of
the Mississippi not occupied by Spain, as
far N. as British territory, anil comprised
l he whole or most of the present States of Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas,
Louisiana, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Colorado, and Oregon,
the Indian Territory, Dakota, Idaho, Montana, Washington, and
Wyoming. In 1804 the Territory of Orleans, including the present
State of Louisiana W. of the Mississippi, and a portion E. of the
river, was formed, the older name applying to the rest of the
French cession. In 1812 Orleans Territory was admitted to the
Union as the State of Louisiana, and the remainder of what is now
Louisiana, which had been claimed by Spain, was added to it.. In
the same year, too, the designation of the Territory of Lousiana,
which embraced the vast region N. and W., was changed to Mis-
souri. Tlie important battle of New Orleans, the last between the
Americans and British, was fought Jan. 8. 1815. New Constitu-
tions were formed in 1845 and 1852. The ordinance of secession
was passed Jan. 28, 18(51. The important military events of the
civil war within the State were the naval engagement, ending in
the capture of New Orleans, May 1, 18(52 ; the siege of Port Hud-
son, which surrendered July 8, 18(53 ; and lien. Banks's disastrous
Red River expedition, in the spring of 18(54. The State was for-
mally readmitted to the Union in June, 1868. Louisiana was the
fifth State admitted under the Constitution.
Geographical.— The greatest length of the State E. and W.
is about 30U m., the width 240 m., the area 48,720 sq. m., and the
number of counties 59. It has a coast-line of 1,25(5 rn., and the in-
ternal water communication is 2,500. It is bounded N. by Arkan-
sas (on the parallel of 33°) and Mississippi (on the parallel of 31°) ;
E. by the Gulf of Mexico and Mississippi, from which above lati-
tude 31 c it is separated by the Mississippi, and below that parallel
by the Pearl River ; S. liy the Gulf of Mexico ; and W. by Texas,
from which, by the S. two thirds of the line, it is separated by the
Sabine River and the Sabine Lake. The surface of the State is
generally low and level, and subject to frequent inundations, to
resist which nearly 2,000 m. of embankments or levees have been
built on the Mississippi, Red, Lafourche, Atchafalaya, Black, and
Washita Rivers. The cohst-line includes many irregular bays and
indentations. Near the S. E. extremity lies Lake Borgne, a bay
communicating with Lake Pontchartrain, and opening into Mis-
sissippi Sound. Tlie coast affords but few good harbors, despite
its irregularity and the great number of islands lying close to the
shore. The numerous lakes in the State, the largest of which is
Pontchartrain, are for the most part expansions of the rivers.
The characteristic geographical feature is the magnificent river
system. Tlie Mississippi forms the N. half of the E. boundary,
and crosses the State in a S. E. direction to the Gulf, its mouth
forming a delta. Its windings in the State include 800 in. The
river begins to send off branches to the Gulf near the point of its
entrance into the State, the first of which is the Atchafalaya.
Other deltoid streams are : Grand River and Bayou de Large, con-
nected with the Atchafalaya ; Bayou Terre Bonne and Bayou La-
fourche, all navigable at high water, and flowing in a S. E. direc-
tion. Bayou Tec-lie empties into the Atchafalaya from the W.,
and by means of Bayou Boeuf is connected with the Red River
above Alexandria. E. of the Mississippi the principal streams are
the Amite, navigable for 60 m. ; the Tangipahoa and the Ghifunc-
tee, which discharge into Lake Pontchartrain ; and the Bogue
Chitto, which falls into the Pearl. In S. W. Louisiana the Mer-
meuteau and Calcasieu Rivers, which rise in the prairie region
S. W. of the Red River, expand into small lakes, through which
they discharge into the Gulf. The Sabine, which separates the
State in part from Texas, is not continuously navigable, even at
high water. The Red River enters Louisiana from Arkansas, in
the N. W., and joins the Mississippi near the outflowing of the
Atchafalaya. The navigation of this river, though somewhat ob-
structed (it certain seasons, is good for eight months to Shreve-
port, Tributaries enter it from the N. the principal of which are
the Bayou Dauchite, which expands into Lake Bistineau ; Black
Lake and Sabine Bayous, which unite before entering the Red
River ; Little River, which expands into Catahoula Lake ; and
Black River, formed by the confluence of the Wachita and Tensas.
Most of these are navigable by steamers.
Natural Resources. — The mineral wealth of the State is not
great, being confined for the most part to salt, sulphur, and min-
eral fertilizers, the first named of which is very profitably worked.
Its more important agricultural productions are sugar, rice, cot-
ton. and corn, while the other staple crops are also successfully
raised. Truck and fruit farming, for the Western and Northern
markets, is profitably conducted. The distinguishing industry of
the State is the sugar-culture, though of late years it has become
far less profitable than of old. The sugar-cane only flourishes
below lat. 31°, and it is therefore the deltoid region of Louisiana
16
only which is devoted to it. Rice is raised
along all the Mississippi bottoms. The
fruits raised are the peach, quince, plum,
fig, apple, orange, lemon, lime, and ban-
ana.
Climate. The winter climate is more
severe than in the corresponding latitudes
of the Atlantic coast. The summers are
long and hot, and the deltoid region is sub-
ject to epidemic and malarial fevers of a
severe type. The winter temperature at
New Orleans is 53° to (51° ; summer tem-
perature 81° to 83°, though the thermom-
eter sometimes goes much lower and much
higher than these relative extremes. The
mean temperature is about (59°, while at
Shreveport it is about 153°. The rainfall
at New Orleans is from 70 in. to 75 in., and
at Shreveport from 45 in. to 50 in.
Principal Places. — Baton Rouge,
capital and scat of public institutions ;
New Orleans (capital until 1847, and again
from 18(58 to 1881), principal port of entry,
largest city and commercial metropolis,
largest cotton market of the world :
Shreveport, emporium of the Red River country ; and Morgan
City, pm t of entry.
Population.— (Census of 1880. i Total, 939,946 ; male, 468.754 ;
female, 471,192; native, 885.800: foreign, 54.146; white, 454.594 ;
colored, 483,655 : Chinese, 489 ; Indians, 818 : slaves in I860. 331.720.
Th<* leading cities are as follows : New Orleans, 210.090 ; Shreve-
port, 8,009 ; Baton Rouge, 6,498.
Agriculture — The number of farms in 1860 was 17,328; in
1870, 28.481 : in 1880. 48,292. The total acreage of farms in the last-
named year was 8,273,506, and the value was $58,989,117. The
number of persons engaged in agriculture was 205,306, or, esti-
mating laborers alone, a little more than 55 per cent of this class.
The average value of cleared land per acre is $14.36 ; of woodland,
$3.53. The share of the staple crops of the country, as grown in
Louisiana in 1886, is shown in the following table :
CLASSES.
Acres.
Bushels.
Value.
Corn
917,377
15,410,000
$8,167,300
Oats
36,875
420.000
197,400
Potatoes
6,661
466.000
Tons.
391,667
Hay
38,984
38,984
Bales.
428,824
Cotton
1,005,613
487,722
20,106,339
The sugar product of Louisiana for 1885-'86 (Bourchereau’s
statement), the latest year for which statistics can be obtained,
was 231,290 hogsheads, and the estimated yield of molasses the
same season was 327,736 hogsheads. The yield of this important
crop was increased about 20 per cent over that of the previous
year, and tlie prospects in future indicate a steady progress. The
rice product of 1885-'86, according to Bourchereau’s statement,
was 96,751,340 lbs. The importance of tlie lumber yield of the
State is suggested by the fact that Louisiana exported $737,449
worth of lumber and timber products in 1885-‘S6. The number of
horses in the State in 1885 was 112.97.5. value. $6,372,937 : mules,
78,863, value, $6,801,147 ; milch-cows, 153,313. value, $2,912,947 ; oxen
and other cattle, 252.863. value. $3,016,048; sheep. 116,385. value,
$192,466 ; hogs. 580,790, value. $1,800,449.
Manufactures and Mining The number of reported
manufactures by the census of 1880 was 1,553, employing $11,462,-
468 capital and 12.107 bauds. The total amount of wages paid was
$4,358,841 ; the value of material used, 14.442,506 : and the value of
products was $24,205,183. These figures show that the State has
given relatively less attention to manufacturing interests than
other States. Details of the more important branches of products
made are added :
CLASSES.
Capital.
Wages
paid.
Value of
material.
Value of
product.
Blacksmithing
$94,035
$103,233
$100,099
$334,888
Bread and other bakery
products
109,920
120,060
542.150
983,960
Boots and shoes
150,700
120.052
184,659
392,732
Clothing, men’s
190.375
175.971
743,907
1,075.599
Cotton compressing
2.135.000
399,780
105,788
747,-500
Flouring- and grist-mill
176,380
22,215
397,440
489,848
Foundry and machine-
shops
Liquors, malt
910,625
489,896
777,000
1,554,485
160,613
55,092
297.778
458,459
Lumber, sawed
903.9.50
200,063
1,187.059
1,704,640
< )il, cotton-seed, and cake
1,557.500
422,165
2,280,910
3,739,466
Printing and publishing.
303,050
407,946
226,600
704,036
Rice cleaning and polish-
ing
225,000
56,040
1.328,387
1,573,281
Slaughtering and meat-
packing
500,000
13,830
1,375,000
1,500,000
Sugar and molasses, re-
fined
385,000
50,000
1,340,000
1.483.000
It is estimated that the manufactures of the State, according
to data of 1886. turn out $36,768,928 worth of products, and employ
19.888 hands. The great mass of rock-salt at Petit Anse, near New
Iberia, in S. Louisiana, yields a quality and quantity of product
which makes this mine of much importance. During the late war
it was for the first two years one of the sources of the main supply
LOUISIANA.
for the Confederacy. The production of the mine, in its different
grades, for the year 1885, was 41 ,898 short tons, nearly double the
yield of 1882, and it promises a steady increase. The sulphur-beds
are beginning to be worked systematically and profitably. Tlie
yield of mineral fertilizers for 1885 was 3,000 short tons,
Commerce. In addition to New Orleans, which is the com-
mercial metropolis of the South, Morgan City is a port of entry,
but the former port is alone worth special notice. It ranks next
to New York and Boston in its entire foreign commerce, and next
to New York in the value of its exports, and is the chief cotton
mart of the world. The report of the Bureau of Statistics of Com-
merce and Navigation for the year ending June 30, 1886, gives the
following figures : Imports, $8,115,171 ; domestic exports, $81,523,-
779 ; foreign exports, $1,030,417. The imported merchandise which
arrived at the port and passed through without appraisement or
breaking bulk was in value $2,148,048. Its main exports are cot-
ton, sugar, rice, wheat, tobacco, flour, pork, and beef ; the main
imports are coffee, sugar, salt, iron, dry-goods, wines, and liquors.
Its imports of coin and bullion were $200,421. Lines of steamships
connect the city with the principal ports of the Atlantic coast,
Cuba, and Mexico, as also with Liverpool, Havre, Bremen, and
Hamburg. The number of vessels which entered the port for the
period above named was 719, of 703,620 tonnage ; the number of
vessels which cleared was 690, of 675,871 tonnage ; total. 1,409 ves-
sels, of 1,379,491 tonnage. The number of sea-going and coast-
ing vessels enrolled, registered, and licensed for the same time
was 453, of 45,680 tonnage ; and of river steamers 125, of 20,395
tonnage.
Fisheries.— The number of persons employed in 1880 in the
fisheries was 1,597, involving an outfit in vessels.' boats, and shore-
property of $93,621. The value of the general fisheries was $192,-
610 ; of the oyster-fisheries, $200,000 ; total, $392,610.
Railways. — The State mileage in 1885 was 2.001 m., of which
937 m. were operated. The great facilities for cheap river transit
have probably tended to check the development of local railways.
The capital stock represented by the railways in Louisiana
amounted to $33,714,600; the funded debt, $41,263,716 ; total in-
vestment, $87,855,267. The cost of railroad and equipment was
$84,057,672. The gross earnings from passengers were $1,691,567 ; '
from freight, $5,307,977 ; total. $7,341,812. The net earnings were
$2,597,722 ; the interest paid on bonds, $2,613,251 ; and the dividend
paid on stock, $400,000.
Finances. — The amount of State debt is, May 1, 1886, $15,100,-
313. The State receipts for year ending Jan. 1, i886, $1,683,882.91,
and the State expenditures, $1,525,906.33. The amount raised by
taxation in 1885 was $1,567,821.16 ; viz., licenses, $265,000 ; auction
sales, $2,285 ; poli-lax, 7,959 ; property tax, $1,297,943. The amount
of taxable property, as assessed for 1886, was : Real, $149,145,874 ;
personal, $63,579,590 ; total, $212,725,464. Rate of State tax is one
mill on the dollar, and there is a poll-tax of $1 levied on adult
males for the common-school fund. The estimated true valua-
tion of all property in Louisiana in 1880 was $422, (XX), 000. The in-
ternal revenue receipts from Louisiana in 1886 were $552,115.
Educational — The interests of education are in the hands of
a board consisting of the State Superintendent and six division
superintendents. These appoint a Board of School Directors for
each incorporated city and parish. The school fund consists of
the proceeds of the U. S. grant, of escheated estates, and any
bequeathed property. In addition to the interest on this fund,
schools are supported by the rents of unsold property and the in-
terest on the U. S. Trust Fund granted in 1836. There are separate
schools for white and colored children. The number of children
enrolled in 1884-’85 was 99,941, and the average daily attendance
70,346. The salaries of teachers amounted to $379,927, and the
total expenses were $450,030. The statistics of illiteracy in 1880
showed, out of a population of 649,070 over ten years old. 297,312
who could not read, and 318,380 who could not write, of which
class 58,951 were white, Louisiana has 10 colleges, which in
1884- ‘85 had 137 teachers and 1,837 students, an income of $122,156,
and 58,200 vols. in their libraries. The value of grounds, buildings,
and apparatus amounted to $733,250. The more important of
these institutions are : The University of Louisiana, in New Or-
leans, which has excellent law and medical schools, as also a good
literary department ; the State University of Louisiana, at Alex-
andria ; and Centenary College, at Jackson.
Political. — The Legislature and State officers are elected
every four years. The State elections occur on the Tuesday after
the third Monday in April. The number of Senators is 3&, and of
Representatives 98. Sessions are biennial, in even-numbered
years, meeting on the second Monday in May, and their limit is
60 days. The Supreme Court judges are appointed by the Govern-
or, all others are elected. In Louisiana the Civil Code, based on
the old Spanish law and the Code Napoleon, prevails to the exclu-
sion of the common law. The number of electoral votes is 8, and
the number of voters in 1880 w-as 216,787. Idiots, the insane, and
criminals are excluded from voting.
Relative Rank.— The State stands nineteenth in area and
twenty-third in population, first in sugar and molasses, third in
rice and general foreign commerce, seventh in cotton, and ninth
in salt.
CHART SHOWING OCCUPATIONS OP PEOPLE OP THE UNITED STATES IN 1880.
Note.— The interior square represents the proportion of the | tions. The unshaded space between the inner and outer squares
population which is accounted for as engaged in gainful occupa- | represents the proportion of the population not so accounted for.
MAINE.
Historical.— Various but unsuccessful
attempts at colonization in Maine were
made between the years 1602 and 1620 b y
both tin1 French and English. In 1620, Sir
Ferdinando Gorges, as head of the Ply-
mouth Company, received a patent of all
the region between -10° and 18° N. lat. In
consequence of disputes afterward with
the Massachusetts Colony, the company
was dissolved, and in 1669 Gorges received |
a formal charter of the region between t lie f
Piscataqua and Kennebec, under the title Ji
of Maine. Internecine quarrels between
liie different settlements, on points of juris-
diction, caused the Massachusetts Colony
in 1651 to set up a claim to the province
under her charter, and Parliament sanc-
tioned it. In. 1677 all claims of other
grantees were purchased. From this time
the history of the province was practically
merged in' that of Massachusetts. The final
separation occurred in 1820, when Maine
was admitted to the Union, being the tenth
under the Constitution.
Geographical — The most easterly of the States, its extreme
length N. and S. is 300 m., and the extreme width 212 m., the
total area being 33,040 sq. m. It is bounded N. \V. and N. by the
province of Quebec, E. by New Brunswick, S. E. and S. by the
Atlantic Ocean, and W. by New Hampshire. It. is divided into 16
which lias a picturesque mountainous formation, and has become
a celebrated watering-place. Among the largest bays are Passa-
maquoddy, Machias, Pleasant, Frenchman's. Penobscot, Muscon-
gus. Casco, and Saco. The State has abundant water-courses.
The Walloostook flowing into the St. John in the north, and the
Aroostook in the east, each with numerous tributaries, drain the
N. portion of the State. The St. Croix, flowing S. into Passama-
quoddy Bay, forms a part of the E. boundary. The largest river,
the Penobscot, flowing into the bay of the same name, with its
connecting lakes and affluents, drains the central part of the
State, and is navigable to Bangor, 55 m. Farther west the Ken-
nebec affords valuable water-power, and is navigable to Augusta,
50 m. from its mouth. The Androscoggin and Saco, which also
run S., are still farther west ; and the Piscataqua, on the S. W.,
separates Maine from New Hampshire. Of the many lakes scat-
tered over tlie State, all offering the most tempting inducements
to the fisherman, the more important are Moosehead. Chesuncook,
Pamedumcook, Umbagog, Sebago, Baskahegan, Long, Eagle,
Madawaska, and Schoodic, lying mostly in the center and N. part
of the State, among the pine-forest and mountain-regions. The
interior of the State is very broken and mountainous. A broken
chain of eminences, an extension of the White Mountains, crosses
the State from S. W. to N. E., the highest of them being Mount
Katahdin, 5,385 ft. above the sea.
Natural Resources. — The soil and climate are best adapted
to hay and dairy products, though the staple cereals afford a
moderate yield. The hardier fruits, such as the apple, pear,
cherry, and plum, flourish vigorously. The mineral products of
Maine consist of marble, slate, limestone, and granite. The lum-
ber interests of the State are immense, forming a principal
source of its wealth ; and the sea-fisheries rank among the most
valuable in the country.
Climate. — The climate is one of extremes, ranging from 20°
to 30° below zero to 100° above. The extreme N. portion of the
State is from 5° to 10° colder. The snow lies on the ground from
three to five months. The mean winter temperature at Portland
is from 23° to 38° ; summer from 63° to 69°. The rainfall is from
42 in. to 45 in.
Principal Places. — Augusta, the capital : Portland, metrop-
olis and principal seaport of the State, having one of the finest
harbors in the country : Bangor, a port of entry, and great lum-
ber emporium ; Biddeford, an important manufacturing city, and
seat of a remarkable water-power ; Lewiston, seat of leading cot-
ton manufactures ; Bath, a center of the ship-building interest ;
and Brunswick, seat of Bowdoin College.
Population.— (Census of 1880.) Total, 648,936 ; male, 324.058 ;
female, 324,878 ; native, 590,053 ; foreign, 58,883 : white, 646,852 ;
colored, 1.451 ; Chinese, 8 ; Indians, 625. Leading cities and towns
are as follows : Augusta, 8,665 ; Auburn, 9,555 ; Bangor, 16,856 ;
Bath, 7,874 : Biddeford. 12,651 ; Lewiston, 19,083 ; Portland, 33,810 ;
Rockland, 7,599 ; and Brunswick, 5,384.
Commerce.— Maine has several ports of entry, Aroostook,
Bath, Belfast, Machias, Saco. Waldoborough, Wiscasset, Bangor,
Portland, etc., the latter two being the more important ones.
The imports for the year ending June, 1886, were $3,542,856. and
the exports $3,870,724.' Of these amounts Portland had $1,907,640
imports, and $3,870,724 exports ; Bangor $770,690 imports, and
209,829 exports ; and the Passamaquoddy district $702,636 imports,
and $552,095 exports. There entered at Maine ports for the same
period 1,363 vessels of 244.852 tonnage, and cleared 1,387 vessels of
311,501 tonnage. The total number of vessels registered, enrolled,
and licensed was 116 of 22,042 tonnage.
Fisheries.— The fishery interests of the State are very valua-
ble. In 1880, by the U. S. census, there were 12,662 persons em-
ployed ; 606 vessels of 17,633 tonnage, and 5.920 boats : capital,
$3,452,302. The total value of products as sold was $3,739,224. It
is estimated that 48,000 people derive their suppoft from the
Maine fisheries.
Railroads In 1885 there were 1.135 m. of railroad, of which
1,124 m. were operated. The capital stock was $18,182,806 ; funded
debt, $23,046,630 ; total investment, $44,046,730 ; cost of road-bed
and equipment, $39,782,697. The income from passengers was
18
Si. 802.245; from freight. $2,792,658; from
all sources, $4,824,177. The net earnings,
$1,485,002; the interest paid on bonds. $1,-
037.050 : and the dividend paid on stocks,
$804,504.
Finances. The amount of the State
debt, Jan. 1, 1885, was $5.316.900 ; and the
amount in the sinking-fund. $1,826,500. The
State receipts for the fiscal year were
$1,307,648 ; and the expenditures. §10.22,932.
The amount raised by taxation in 1886 was
$1,301 ,370.53. Taxable property as assessed
was, real estate, $118,489,142; personal,
$60,220,239: total. $208,709,381.
Educational.— The number enrolled
in the common schools for the year 1884-'85
was 144,909. out of which the daily attend-
ance was 99,239. The total expenses were
$1,134,000. and the salaries paid teachers
were $1,020,082. Of the total population
of 519.669 over ten years old, there were
18,191 who could not read, and 22.170 who
could not write. The State had three col-
leges. with 32 instructors, and 354 students,
and an income of $69,688. The hooks in the libraries were
62,378, and the total value of buildings, grounds, and apparatus
was $300,000. Tlie principal college is Bowdoin. at Brunswick.
Agriculture.— The number or farms in tlie Stale, according
to U. S. census, is 64,309 ; tlie area of farming-land, 6.552,578 acres.
per acre,
' in farm-
in all vo-
eports of the staple crops for 1885 are as follows :
CLASSES.
Acres.
Bushel*.
Value.
Corn
31.222
1,009,000
$706,300
Wheat
41.126
566.000
707.500
Oats
84,570
2,622,000
1,048,800
Rye
2.385
29.000
24.327
Barley
12,302
276.000
190,140
Buckwheat
21,185
371.000
200.199
Potatoes
62,035
6,204,000
Tons.
2,605,470
Hav
1,148.995
976,644
11,670.920
The reports of live-stock in Maine in 1885 give 90.288 horses,
value $7,972,453: milch-cows, 163.353, value $4,977,125: oxen and
other cattle, 187,030, value $5,590,174 ; sheep, 537,407, value $1,156,-
771 ; hogs. 70,702. value $620,760. One of the most important in-
dustries of the State is that of lumber. Maine, in spite of the
enormous destruction of her forest-region, has a ratio of 62 per
cent of woodland, or 12,000,000 acres, covered largely with white
pine. There are about 1,000 saw-mills engaged in the manu-
facture of lumber, and the annual product is from $8,000,000 to
$9,000,000.
Manufactures ami .Mining — Maine in 1880 (U. S. censusi had
4.481 establishments, employing 52,949 hands, and $49,984,571 capi-
tal. Tlie total amount paid in wages was $13,621,538; value of
material. $51,119,286 ; and value of products, $79,825,393. The
leading branches were as follows .
CLASSES.
Capital.
Wages paid.
Value of
material.
Value of
product.
Boots and shoes
$1,485,400
$1,400,959
$4,031,200
S6. 120.342
Cotton goods
15.292,078 1
2,936,640
7,320,152
13,390,363
Dyeing and finishing
textiles
593,500
166,619
321,989
1.107,616
Flouring- and grist-mill
products
993,500
109,882
3,560.9261
3.966,023
Foundry and machine-
shops
1,793,720
081,865
1,131,147
2.232,675
Fruits and vegetables,
canned
926,535
216,400
823,005
1,402.400
Leather, tanned
2.459.700
464,904
5,535.427
7,100.967
Lumber, sawed.
6.339.390
1,161,142
4.951,957
7,933,868
Mixed textiles
1,290,380
357.375
1.248,247
1,909,937
Paper
1,995,000
325.691
1,347.509
2.170.321
Printing and publishing
747.600
297,005
976,317
1,606,098
Ship-building
811,750
838.559
1,935,857
2,909,846
Sugar, molasses, refined
460.000
34,457
1.416.414
1.499.512
Woolen goods
3,870,028]
1,044,606
4,294,042
6,686,073
Maine has valuable marble and granite quarries. The latest
reported granite product (census of 1880 1 was 2.203.670 c. ft., value
$1,175,286. The next most important yield of structural material
is that of roofing-slate (the beds lying between tlie Penobscot and
Kennebec Rivers), which in 1885 amounted to 3,400.000 sq. ft., of a
value of about $100,000.
Political.— The State elections occur on thb second Monday
in September : the congressional and presidential on the Tuesday
after the first Monday in November. The sessions are biennial in
odd-numbered years,' without limit of time, and begin on the first
Wednesday in January. Tlie number of Senators is 31 : that of
Representatives, 151 : and tlie term of eacli class is two years.
The Governor is elected annually, and is assisted by a Council of
seven, elected by the Legislature. The number of electoral votes
is seven : and of voters ( census of 1880). 187,322.
Relative Rank.— Maine stands twenty-seventh in area and
the same in population ; second in fisheries : third in ship-build-
ing ; sixth in lumber ; and seventh in buckwheat.
M A R YLAND.
Historical. — One of the original thir-
teen States, it was named after the mother
of Charles II. The State was settled by
Lord Baltimore in 1632, under a grant
from Charles II. Puritan and Virginian
colonies disputed the authority of the pro-
prietary governors, and it was not till 1714,
after many broils and considerable blood-
shed, extending over three quarters of a
century, that the rights of the Calvert
family were finally settled. In 1049 the
Assembly passed an act allowing Chris-
tians of all sects the public exercise of
their faith. Baltimore was founded in
1730. The Virginia boundary was adjusted
in 1668, that of Delaware and Pennsylvania,
known in our history as “ Mason and Dix-
on’s Line,” in 1760. A republican Consti-
tution was adopted in 117 6. The “ Mary-
land Line ” was famous in the Revolution-
ary War for its gallantry. The Federal
Constitution was adopted in 1788. In the
War of 1812, Maryland suffered much from
Admiral Cockburn’s fleet ; Frenchtown,
Havre de Grace, and Frederick were
burned, and Fort McHenry unsuccessfully bombarded. The
only important battle fought within the State during the late
civil war was that of Antietam, in September, 1862.
Geographical.— Maryland has an area of 12,210 sq. m., and
is 196 m. long E. and W., by a breadth of 10 m. to 120 m. Its coast-
line, including that of Chesapeake Bay, is 411 m. long. The State
has 24 counties, and is bounded N. by Pennsylvania, E. by Dela-
ware and the Atlantic Ocean, and W. by West Virginia. The re-
maining boundary is irregular : E. of Chesapeake Bay it is bounded
on the S. by Virginia ; and W. of that bay it is bounded by the
Potomac River, separating it from Virginia, West Virginia, and
the District of Columbia. The principal rivers are the Potomac,
Patuxent. Patapsco, Susquehanna, the C'hoptank, Chester, and the
Nanticoke. The first three named are on the Western Shore, and
are navigable, the Potomac about 125 m., the Patuxent 50 m.. and
the Patapsco, on the estuary of which, forming its mouth, Balti-
more is situated, about 25 m. The Susquehanna, which cuts the
N. E. portion of the State, is navigable beyond the Maryland
border. The Choptank, Chester, and Nanticoke are on the East-
ern Shore. All the above-named streams flow into Chesapeake
Bay. The extreme W. part of the State is drained by the Youghi-
ogneny River, which flows into the Monongahela aiid so into the
Ohio. Chesapeake Bay is the most important geographical feat-
ure of the State. It almost bisects Maryland, extending N. within
14 m. of the Pennsylvania border. At' its mouth, between Capes
Charles and Henry, it is 15 ni. wide, its opening facing E., but, on
penetrating the land, it extends N. and S. A little below the
mouth of the Potomac, it is about 30 m. wide, but it narrows
above to a width of from 10 in. to 20 m. This inland sea is a
source of great wealth to the State. It is about 200 m. long.
Natural Resources. — The mineral riches of the State con-
sist of iron, copper, coal, marble, sandstone, limestone, and marl,
though none are important except coal and iron and marl. Both
soil and climate are well adapted for the cereals and for tobacco.
Fruit-farming, specially peach and strawberry, is successfully
pursued. The fisheries of the State are of superior value, and
employ many men and much capital.
Climate.— The climate is for the most part temperate and
healthy. The mean annual temperature in the middle portion of
the State is 56°, in the north 54°, in the highest part of the west
50°. The mean average at Baltimore in summer is from 75° to
■80°, and in winter from 35° to 40° ; rainfall, 45 in. to 51) in.
Principal Places — Annapolis, the capital, and seat of the
U. S. Naval Academy ; Baltimore, the metropolis, one of the most
important Atlantic ports, center of great commercial and manu-
facturing interests ; Cumberland, manufacturing city ; Frederick
and Hagerstown, manufacturing and farming centers.
Population.— (U. S. census of 1880): Total, 934,943; male,
462.187; female, 472,756 ; native, 852,137; foreign, 82,806; white,
724,693 ; colored, 210,230 ; Chinese, 5 ; Indians, 15 ; slaves in 1860,
87,189. The leading cities are as follows : Annapolis, 6,642 ; Balti-
more, 332,313 ; Cumberland, 10,693 ; Frederick, 8,659 ; Hagers-
town, 6,627.
Commerce.— Baltimore is the fifth most important port in
the country in imports, and the fourth in exports. The imports
for the year ending June 30, 1886, were, $11,696,944 ; the domestic
exports, $35,844,829 ; and the foreign exports, $2,959. There en-
tered at the port 541 vessels, of 521,470 tonnage ; and there cleared
626 vessels, of 607,868 tonnage. The chief exports are grain, tobac-
co, cotton, petroleum, canned goods, bacon, butter, cheese, and
lard. The total number of vessels enrolled, registered, and
licensed in the State was 2,233, of 144.881 tonnage.
Fisheries.— The latest detailed fishery report (U. S. census
of 1880) shows the following exhibit : The sea-fisheries employed
305 hands, 206 vessels and boats, and a capital of $43,825. The
value to the fishermen was $88,451. The river-fisheries employed
3,186 hands, 940 vessels and boats, and a capital of $294,518 ; total
value being $402,788. Iu the oyster industry were employed 23,-
402 hands, 3,275 vessels and boats, and a capital of $6,034,350.
The oysters taken were 10,600,000 bushels, and rehandled 7,653,492
bushels. The total value as sold was $4,730,476. The Governor's
report for 1886 estimated that 26,072 men were engaged in taking
oysters, and that the yield was over 9,000,000 bushels.
Railroads. — The mileage in 1885 was 1,189 ; 1,127 m. being
operated. The capital stock was $45,053,624 : funded debt, $55.-
556,748 ; total investment. $151,826,844 ; cost of road-bed and
equipment, $105,310,705. The earnings from passengers were
$3,411,200 ; from freight, $9,261,719 : from all sources, $12,760,742.
The net earnings were $4,884,235 ; the interest paid on bonds,
$2,891,114 ; and the dividend paid on stocks, $1,649,715.
19
Finances. The State debt in 1885
was $10,970,363, funded at 5 and 6 per
cent. As ugainst this the State holds
$27,723,287 in unproductive, and $4,518,799
in productive securities. The receipts for
the fiscal year 1885 were $2,949,494 ; and
the expenditures. $2,21*1,086. The amount
raised by taxation was $887,772. The
amount of taxable property as assessed
in 1885 was $443,725,144, real and personal;
corporation property, $01,311,375. The
estimated true valuation of property in
1880 was $869,000,000, a per capita of $929.
There were 77.212 depositors in the savings-
banks. with deposits of $30,542,992.
Educational — The number enrolled
in the public schools in 1885 was 176,393,
he average daily attendance being 92,963.
The salaries of teachers were $1,227,887,
and the total expenses of the school sys-
tem, $1,745,258. Out of a population, over
ten years, of 695,346, there were 111,387
who could not read, and 134,498 who
could not write. The State had ten col-
leges, with 178 instructors, 1,303 students,
and an income of $264,610. The number of books in college
libraries was 80.300 : and the total value of buildings, grounds,
apparatus, etc.. $1,101,280. The most notable of these institutions
are the Johns Hopkins University at Baltimore, and the U. S.
Naval College at Annapolis.
Agriculture.— The number of farms in 1880 was 25.594 : the
area of farming land, 5,185,221 acres: value, $165,503,341. Out of
695,364 inhabitants over ten years old. 90,927 were engaged in agri-
culture. The average value per acre of cleared land was $21.65 ;
of woodland, $35.50. The staple crops for 1885 were as follows :
CLASSES.
Acres.
Bushels.
Value.
Corn
726, 336
15.990,000
$7,359,540
Wheat
580,482
5,534,000
5,035,940
( >ats
111,000
2,475,000
866,250
Rye
30,759
340,000
155,948
Barley
277
6,000
4.U83
Buckwheat
11.106
144,000
86,627
Potatoes
20,378
1,528,000
748,892
Hay
286,355
272.037
Pounds.
3,740,509
Tobacco
43.065
28,552,000
2.084.303
Tiie total value of orchard and other fruit products is about
$2,500,000 annually. The number of animals on farms in 1885 was :
Horses, 126,496, value $10,324,641 : mules. 13,226, value $1,430,626 ;
milch-cows, 131,063, value $3,951,549 : oxen and other cattle, 138,-
196, value $3,466,107 ; sheep, 168,582, value $519,739 ; hogs, 299,-
868, value $1,785,115.
Manufactures and Mining.— The total manufacturing in-
dustries, by the U. S. census of 1880, amounted to 6.787 establish-
ments, employing 74,942 hands, and $58,735,684 capital. The
amount of wages paid was $18,904,005 ; the value of materials
used, $66,923,630 : the total value of products, $106,771,393. In de-
tail the leading branches of manufactures show as follows :
CLASSES.
Capital j
invested.
Wages paid.
Value of
material.
Value of
product.
Boots and shoes
$977,912
$984,630
SI. 748,920
$3,683,626
Carpentering
1.176,052
769,266
2.140.-451
3,626,189
Clothing, men's
3,894,943
1.851.938
6,089.052
9.579.066
Cotton goods
4.605,816
767.729
2,891,033
4.688.714
Fertilizers
4.271,870 !
354,192
3,813.758
5,770,198
Flour - and grist-mill
products
3,145,520
219,705
6,965,298
7,954,004
Foundry and machine-
shops
2,684,358
1,509,997
2,103.112
4.454,317
Fruits and vegetables
canned
2.412,672
990.758
4,506,332
6,245,297
Iron and steel
4,962,125
905,090
2,888,574
4,470.050
Liqors, malt
2,145,590
200,291
1,001,766
1,820,303
Lumber, sawed
1.237,694
223,786
1,106.795
1,813,332
Ship-building
1,606,535
657.789
884.229
1,788.630
Slaughtering and meat-
packing
865,000
100,000
3,163.802
3,377,605
Tin, copper, and iron
ware
1,179,267
609.113
2.332,687
3,564,994
The yield of Maryland in coal in 1885 was 2.805.974 long tons;
valued at the mines, at $3,209,891 : the mines being principally in
Allegany County. The product of pig-iron was 17,299 short tons,
a decline of more than 65 per cent since 1880. This metal is
found in Allegany. Anne Arundel, Carroll. Baltimore, Frederick,
and Prince George’s Counties. The State also produced 300,000
short tons of mineral fertilizers.
Political. — State, congressional, and presidential elections
occur on the Tuesday after first Monday in November. The num-
bers of Senators in the Assembly is 26. that of Representatives 91;
the former elected for four, the latter for two years. The sessions
are biennial in even-numbered years, beginning first Wednesday
in January, and lasting 90 days. The number of electoral votes
is 8. and t he number of voters in 1880 was 232.106.
Relative Rank.— The State ranks twenty-fourth in popula-
tion, thirtieth in area, is first in oyster -fisheries and canned goods,
fifth in foreign commerce and tobacco, and eighth in coal.
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MASSACHUSETTS.
Historical. -Massachusetts was one
of the thirteen original States. Though
lirst visited by the English under Bartho-
lomew Gosnold in 1002, the first perma-
nent settlement was made by the Puritan
colony, which landed from the Mayflower
at Plymouth in 1620. The expedition com-
manded by John Endicott, which arrived
in 1628, acting under the auspices of the
Massachusetts Bay Company, which had
received a royal charter, gradually planted
settlements at Charlestown, Boston, Water-
town, Dorchester, Roxbury, Salem, Mystic,
Saugus (Lynn), and other places. The res-
toration of the Stuarts threatened the
rights of the colonists, but their charter
was finally confirmed in 1662. King Philip's
War occurred in 1675-’76, and put the colo-
nists in great peril. In 1681 the Massachus-
etts charter was declared forfeited to the
crown under James II, but it was restored
at the accession of William and Mary.
In 1662 the colonies of Massachusetts Bay
and Plymouth were consolidated. The
province took active part in the various
French and Indian wars, and contributed largely to the expedi-
tion which captured Louisburg in 1745. The Boston Massacre in
1770, the destruction of the tea in 1773, and the Port Bill in 1774
were important incidents preceding the Revolution. At Lexing-
ton and Concord, in 1775, Massachusetts made the final appeal to
arms. At this time the population of the province was 352,000.
The State Constitution, still essentially the organic law, was
formed in 1780, and the Federal Constitution was ratified in 1788.
The total expenditures of the State on account of the late civil
war amounted to $30,162,200.
Geographical. —The area of the State is 8,315 sq. m., audit
is 160 m. N. E. and S. W., and from 47 to 100 m. in breadth. It
lias 14 counties, and is bounded N. by Vermont and New Hamp-
shire. E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. by the Atlantic, Rhode Island,
and Connecticut, and W. by New York. From the W.. for about
100 m., Massachusetts has the regular form of a parallelogram
about 50 m. wide ; thence it spreads out N. E. and S. E. on two
sides of Massachusetts Bay, terminating S. E. in the long penin-
sula of Cape Cod, which, describing to the N. and slightly7 to the
W. a segment of a circle, incloses Cape Cod Bay. Martha's Vine-
yard and Nantucket Islands, lying to the S. E.. belong also to the
State. Buzzard’s Bay, on the S. coast, is 30 m. long and about 7
m. wide. There are many excellent harbors, the best being Bos-
ton and New Bedford. The Merrimack is the only navigable river
which finds its outlet on the coast, This enters the State on the
N. E., and. making an abrupt curve, runs N. E. to the sea. It is
navigable only IS m.. but furnishes splendid water-power to the
manufacturing towns on its banks. The Housatonic, rising in
the W. portion of the State, and the Connecticut, which flows
across it, both empty into Long Island Sound, and afford good
water-power for mills. The other rivers are the Nashua. Taun-
ton. Concord. Blackstone. and Charles. The surface of the State is
highly diversified. The extreme west is mountainous, having two
Green Mountain ranges, the Taconic and Hoosac ridges, which
run nearly parallel to each other and into Connecticut. Saddle
Mountain, in the N. W. corner, is 3,600 ft, high, and Mount Wash-
ington, in the S. W. corner, is 2.624 ft. high. Farther E. is the
fertile valley of the Connecticut. In this region are detached
members of the White Mountain system. Mt. Tom on the W.,
and Mt. Holyoke near Northampton, and Wachusett Mountain,
W. of the middle of the State, 1,300 ft,. 1,120 ft., and 2,018 ft., re-
spectively. The E. and N. E. are hilly7 and broken, and the S. E.
is generally low and sandy.
Natural Resources.— Iron is found in Berkshire County, but
it is not now worked to any extent. Silver, lead, gold, and anthra-
cite coal are known to exist in E. Massachusetts, but have no
commercial value. Limestone, slate, marble, and granite quar-
ries are profitably worked in different portions of the State. The
river-valleys are fertile, but a large portion of the elevated lands
and the sandy coast hardly repay cultivation. All the cereals are
grown, and the hardier fruits such as the apple, plum, cherry,
and pear, flourish. The fishery interests are of great value, sur-
passing those of any7 other State.
Climate.— The climate near the coast is very variable, with
prevalent E. winds, especially in spring and early summer. The
mean annual temperature is about 48° ; spring, 43° ; summer,
71° ; autumn, 51° ; winter, 21°. The annual rainfall will average
aboutSS in. In the interior the climate is more equable, and in the
mountainous districts severe in winter.
Principal Places — Boston, the capital, great commercial,
railroad, and manufacturing center, most important city in New
England ; Cambridge, seat of Harvard College, the oldest institu-
tion in the country ; Fall River, noted for its cotton manufact-
ures ; Gloucester, the most important fishing-port in the coun-
try ; Haverhill, seat of boot and shoe manufactures ; Lawrence
and Lowell, famous for their cotton, woolen, and paper mills ;
Holyoke, center of paper-manufactures ; Lynn, seat of the largest
boot and shoe manufactures ; New Bedford, the leading whaling
port ; Pittsfield, capital of the Berkshire region ; Salem, site of
the first permanent settlement in the Massachusetts Colony7 ;
Springfield, important manufacturing city, seat of the leading
U. S. arsenal : Taunton, a prosperous manufacturing center ;
Waltham, site of a great watch-making industry ; and Worcester,
a leading railway and manufacturing center, and the second most
important, city of the State.
Population. — (State census of 1885.) Total. 1.941.465: male.
932,429: female, 1,009,036: native. 1,459.982; foreign, 481,483;
white, 1,920,428; colored. 20,361 ; Chinese, 229: Japanese, 8; In-
dians, 369. The U. S. census of 1880 made the population 1,783.085,
20
distributed among the principal cities as
follows : Boston, 362,839 ; Cambridge. 52,-
669 ; Chelsea, 21.782 : Fall River, 48,961 ;
Gloucester. 19,329; Haverhill, 18,472; Hol-
yoke. 21,915; Lawrence, 39.151; Lowell,
59.475 ; Lynn. 38.274 ; New Bedford, 26.845 ;
Newbury port, 13.538 ; Northampton. 12,-
172; Pittsfield. 13.369; Salem, 27.563;
Springfield. 33.340 : Taunton, 21,218 ; Wal-
tham, 11,712; Worcester. 58.291 .
Commerce. Massachusetts has nine
customs districts and eleven ports of entry,
the immense bulk of business, of course,
passing through Boston and Charlestown.
The imports for the year ending June 30,
1886, were $58,430,707' : the domestic ex-
ports, $53,428,513 ; and the foreign exports,
$670,555. In the other customs districts of
the .State the aggregate imports were
$342,443, and the exports, $134,025. There
entered at the port of Boston 2.595 vessels,
of 1.184,108 tonnage, and there cleared
2498 vessels, of 1.018,921 tonnage. The
entrances at the other ports were 389 ves-
sels, of 67,896 tonnage, and the clearances
were 377 vessels, of 54,026 tonnage. The total number of vessels
enrolled, licensed and registered was 166, of 70.425 tonnage.
Fisheries.— The Massachusetts fishing interests in 1880 aggre-
gated the wholesale market value of $10,117,187. There were
37,282 persons employed ashore and afloat, and 1JJ07 vessels and
0,749 boats, of a total tonnage of 81,081. The capital invested was
$14,334,450. The total value of fish as sold was $5,054,900 ; that
of lobsters, oysters, clams, etc., $997,513 : that of the whale-fish-
ery, $2,089,337 ; total first value of products. $8,141,750. Glouces-
ter ranks first among the fishing-ports, producing half the yield
of the State ; and then may be named New Bedford. Barnstable,
and Boston. More than 100.000 people are dependent on the fish-
ery interests for support. U. S. Treasury statistics for 1886 give
Massachusetts 1,025 fishing- vessels, of 86,850 tonnage, and $4,008,000
value, manned by 12.540 men.
Railroads The State mileage in 1885 was 1.998 m.. but the
length of lines operated was 3,080 m. The capital stock was $103.-
844,659 ; the funded debt, $83,832,093 ; the total investment. $209.-
146,505 : and the cost of road-bed and equipment. $177,643,385.
The gross receipts from passengers were $14,996,977 : from freight.
$16,095,010 ; from all sources, $33,220,508. The net earnings were
$9,926,926 : the interest paid on bonds, $4,971,743 ; and the divi-
dends paid on stock, $4,614,902.
Manufactures and Mining. — The census statistics of 1880
show 14,352 manufacturing establishments, employing 352,255 op-
eratives and a capital of $303,806,185. The amount paid in wages
during the year was $128,315,362 ; the value of materials was
$386,972,655 : and the value of products, $631,135,284. Details about
the principal branches are given herewith :
CLASSES.
Capital.
Wages
paid.
Value of
materia] .
Value of
product.
Boot and shoe cut stock.
$1,190,600
$700,432
S5.861.084
$7,397,734
Boots and shoes
21.275,923
25.204,331
60.20 7,152
96.686.110
Bread and bakery prod-
ucts
1,226,840
844.090
3,122,104
4,942,769
Carpentering
2,243,222
7.895,930
6.213,344
10.973,421
Carriages and wagons. . .
2.027,250
1,273,986
1,952,237
4.048.141
Clothing, men’s
5,172,043
3,832,244
10.846.464
17.902,662
Cotton goods
Dyeing and finishing
74,118,801
16,240,908
37,542,679
74,780.835
textiles
Flouring- and grist-mill
8,613.500
1.815.431
4,566,174
9,482.939
products
Foundry and machine-
2,881,365
290,070
7,814,583
8,774,049
shop products
16,466,535
8.131,740
11.136,299
23.935.604
Furniture
2.464.675
1,781.779
3.017,469
6.041.618
Hosiery and knit goods . .
1,467.375
608.067
1,394,748
2,483,596
Iron and steel
6,738,408
2,576,539
6,657.212
10.288.921
Jewelry ...
1,936.800
1.464,993
1,681.0:14
4,266.525
Leather, curried
4,308.169
1,939,122
19.547,978
23.282,775
Leather, tanned
2.712.130
1.093,07.3
11,320.288
13.566.721
Liquors, malt
3,285,400
563.547
2,855,046
5,112,227
Lumber, sawed
2,480.340
461.612
1.901.105
3.120,184
Mixed textiles
7,166.800
2,528.476
7.570.885
13.043.829
Paper
11.722,046
2,467,359
9,213.221
15.188.196
Printing and publishing
3,712,869
2.778.81K
2.621.981
7.757.260
Rubber and elastic goods
1,811.000
649.016
2,722.916
4.206.405
Silk and silk goods
1,306,700
521.725
1,990,515
3,764.260
Ship-building
Slaughtering and meat-
1.765,450
804,571
1,173,640
2,281,666
packing
2.904,440
653,149
20.657.330
22,051,782
Soap and caudles
2.005.325
306,539
3.942.604
4,480.555
Straw goods
Sugar and molasses, re-
2,361,960
1,968,232
4.117,162
6,898,628
288,860
7,457,115
21.482.704
22,880.439
45,099.203
Woolen goods
24.680,782
27.839,583
Worsted goods
6,195,247
1.870,030
6,465,467
10,466,616
The mineral wealth of Massachusetts is not great. Its yield of
iron has decreased much of late y7ears. having fallen front 19.017
short tons in 1880 to 869 tons in 1885. Its production of mineral fer-
tilizers was 85,000 short tons during the latter-named year. It
also yielded about 35,000 tons of iron pyrites.
Finances The amount of State debt Jan. 1, 1886, was $31,-
432,680 funded at 5 per cent, and the amount in the sinking-fund
was $22,948,427. The State receipts for 1885, on account of reve-
MASSACHUSETTS.
nues, $8,876,647 ; on account of funds, $8,383,792. State expendi- |
turps for 1887) were $9,187,069 on account of current expenditures ;
and $8,238,768 on account of funds, loans, etc. The amount raised
by taxation for State purposes was $2,005,987. The total taxes
raised in Massachusetts for State, county, city, and town- pur-
poses, including highway-tax, was $25,850,317, or 13 31 per capita
of the population ; and of this, 91 per cent was levied for muni-
cipal purposes. The amount of taxable property as assessed was :
Real, $1,287,993,899 ; personal, $494,355,214 ; total, $1,782,349,143.
The estimated true valuation of property, real and personal, in
1880, was $2,795,000,000, or $1,568 per capita. The total amount of
poll-tax in 1885 was $1,030,223. Rate of State tax for 1886,85^
cents on $1,000. The net debts of towns and cities in Massachu-
setts amounted in 1885 to $03,595,568. The internal revenue re-
ceipts from the State in 1886 were $2,292,079.
Political.— The State, congressional, and presidential elec-
tions occur on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November.
The Legislature meets on the first Wednesday in January, and is
without limit of session. The number of Senators is 40, and of
Representatives 240 ; each class elected yearly. The Governor
and other executive officers are also elected yearly. Payment of
the poll-tax and ability to read are prerequisites of the exercise
of the franchise. There are 14 electoral votes, and the number of
voters (State census of 1885) is 544.192 ; of these, 353,347 were
native white, 184,439 foreign white, and 6,046 colored.
Educational. — The Massachusetts school system has reached
a high degree of efficiency, surpassed by no other. Every child
between eight and fourteen years is required to be sent to school
at least twenty weeks annually. Schools are supported by local
taxation. The statistics of illiteracy for 1880 indicated that out of
a population of 1,432.183 over ten years old, there were 75,635 who
could not read, and 92,980 who could not write, about 90 per cent
of the illiterates being foreigners. The number enrolled for 1885
was 339,174, and the average daily attendance was 253,955. The
salaries paid to teachers were $4,675,882, and the total expenses
$7,020,430. The State is famous for its higher institutions of learn-
ing. In 1885 the colleges, ten in number, had 171 instructors, 2,406
students, and an income of $1,132,373. The total volumes in the
libraries were 313,835 ; and the aggregate value of buildings,
grounds, apparatus, etc., was $1,686,000. The most noted of the
colleges are as follows : Harvard College, at Cambridge, founded
in 1638 ; Amherst College, at Amherst, founded in 1821 ; Williams
College, at Williamstown ; Tufts College, at Medford ; Boston
University, at Boston ; and the Massachusetts School of Tech-
nology, at Boston.
Agriculture The number of farms in 1880 was 38,406, and
the area 3,359,079 acres, valued at $146,197,415. Of the population
over ten years old, 64,973 people were engaged in agriculture.
The average value per acre of cleared land was $85 ; of wood-
land, $43.25. The staple crops for 1885 are given below' :
CLASSES.
Acres.
Bushels.
Value.
Corn
57,60ft
1,961,000
$1,372,700
Wheat
1,080
17,000
21,250
( tats
24.267
753,000
323,790
Rye
24,294
275,000
222,863
Barley
3,428
82,000
59,165
Buckwheat
5,334
59,000
32.271
Potatoes
34,255
3,426,000
Tons.
1,952,535
Hay
629,597
661,077
Pounds.
12,229,925
Tobacco
2,594
3,798,000
455,714
The number of animals on farms in 1885 was : Horses, 62,663,
value $6,463,534 ; milch-cows, 169,968, value $5,506,963 ; oxen and
other cattle, 108,382, value $3,432,457 ; sheep. 64.561, value $196,104 ;
and swine, 76,610, value $779,577. Some notion of the dairy prod-
ucts may be had from the census report of 1880 : Milk, 29,662,953
galls. : butter, 9,655,587 lbs. : and cheese, 829,528 lbs.
Relative Rank.— The State ranks seventh in population and
thirty-third in size. It is first in cotton, woolen, paper, and boot
and shoe manufacturing, and in deep-sea fisheries ; second in
foreign commerce ; third in general manufactures.
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21
Map of tiie Principal New England Railways,
MASSACHUSETTS 1
MICHIGAN.
Historical.— The name is derived from
two Chippewa words, meaning “great
lake.” The State was the thirteenth ad-
mitted under the Federal Constitution.
Though visited as early as 1010 by French
missionaries and fur-traders, the first
European settlement was made at Sault
Ste. Marie by Father Marquette in 1008.
Fort Michiliinackinac, now Mackinaw,
was established three years later. In
1701 Antoine Cadillac founded Detroit.
With other French possessions it came
into the ownership of England in 1763.
This was f< dlowecl by the conspiracy of
Pontiac, and the massacre of the garrison
at Michiliinackinac. After the Revolution-
ary War, Michigan did not come into the
possession of the United States till 1796,
and it was then included in the govern-
ment of the Northwest Territory. The
Territory of Michigan was formed in 1805.
In the War of 1813— ’15 it was the scene of
several bloody contests and butcheries
perpetrated by the British and their In-
dian allies. Between 1819 and 1836 the
Indians ceded their title to all of the Lower and part of the Upper
Peninsula. In 1836 Congress passed a bill admitting Michigan as
a State on condition that she gave up a claim made on a strip of
Ohio, and accepted the whole region known as the Upper Penin-
sula instead.
Geographical.— The area of the State is 58,915 sq. m. The
length of the Lower Peninsula from N. to S. is 277 m., its greatest
breadth 250 m. The length of the Upper Peninsula from E. to W.
is 318 m.. and its width from 30 m. to 164 m. The whole length of
its shore-line on the lakes is 1,620 m. Michigan is divided into 76
counties, and is bounded N. by Lake Superior ; E. by St. Mary’s
River, Lake Huron, Lake St. Clair, the Detroit River, and Lake
Erie ; S. by Ohio and Indiana ; and W. and S. W. by Lake Michi-
gan and the Menominee and Montreal Rivers, with the chain of
lakes lying between their head-waters. The boundary waters, ex-
cept Lake Erie, separate it on the N. and E. from Canada ; those
on the W. and S. W. from Illinois and Wisconsin. The Upper Pen-
insula is separated from the Lower by the Straits of Mackinaw,
which connect Lakes Huron and Michigan. It lies on Lake Su-
perior, which washes the N. shore, and its surface is rugged and
picturesque, covered with extensive pine and hard-wood forests,
and dotted with lakes. The N. W. part of the Peninsula is occu-
pied by the ranges which contain the extraordinary mineral
wealth of the State. The surface of the Lower Peninsula is in
direct contrast, being essentially a level and agricultural region.
The principal islands belonging to the State are Marquette, Mack-
inaw. and Bois Blanc, in N. Lake Huron ; Isle Royale and Grand
Island in Lake Superior ; and the Beaver, Fox, and Manitou
groups in N. Lake Michigan. The rivers are small, mostly useful
for lumbering purposes, only two or three of them being navigable
for a short distance, but their number makes the State a splen-
didly w'atered region.
Natural Resources — The Lower Peninsula is unsurpassed in
fertility, and the cereals, potatoes, hay, and all the fruits of tem-
perate latitudes yield luxuriantly. It has large forest tracts which
produce fine hard-wood timber, and the lakes and rivers support
valuable fisheries. The white-pine region of the Upper Peninsula
is famous in the lumber-market, and produces a large share of
the national supply. The mineral resources of the Upper Penin-
sula make Michigan one of the leading mining States. This is pre-
eminently so in copper, and the iron, coal, and salt mines are also
very important.
Climate. — The Michigan climate is one of extremes, much
tempered, however, by proximity to the lakes. That of the Lower
Peninsula is quite mild, while that of the Upper one is very severe
in winter. The mean annual temperature at Detroit is 47°, while
at Fori Brady, 4° to the N. , the annual temperature averages about
40°. Generally throughout the Upper Peninsula the mean tem-
perature will range a trifle less than 40°, with a rainfall of about
25 in. : while on the Lower Peninsula the average annual tempera-
ture is from 45° to 47° Fahr., with a rainfall of about 30 in.
Principal Places. — Detroit, the metropolis, an important
commercial, manufacturing, and shipping port ; Lansing, the
capital ; East Saginaw and Bay City, busy lumber and manufact-
uring cities ; Grand Rapids, manufacturing city ; Jackson, rail-
way and manufacturing center ; Muskegon, a thriving emporium
on the Lake Michigan coast; Ann Arbor, seat of the University
of Michigan ; Marquette, emporium of the iron-region ; Port
Huron, important shipping-port.
Population The State census of 1884 gave 1.856,100 souls.
The U. S. census of 1880 fixed the population at 1,636,937 ; white,
1,614.500; colored, 22.377, including 7.249 Indians. The latter-
named enumeration distributes population among leading cities
and towns as follows : Adrian, 7,849 ; Ann Arbor. 8,001 ; Bay City,
20,693 ; Detroit, 116.340 ; East Saginaw, 19.016 ; Grand Rapids, 32,-
016 ; Jackson, 16,105 ; Lansing, 8,319 ; Muskegon, 11,262 ; Port Hu-
ron, 8,887 ; Saginaw. 10,525.
Commerce Detroit, Marquette. Port Huron, and Grand Ha-
ven are ports of entry. The total imports for the year ending
June 30, 1886, were $4,975,653, and the exports were $12,328,047.
The entrances at Detroit were 2.901 vessels, of 221,360 tonnage,
and at Port Huron there were 1,178 vessels, of 799,363 tons. The
clearances at Detroit were 2.839 vessels, of 210,008 tonnage, and
those at Port Huron 1,089 vessels, of 772.671 tonnage. There were
525 vessels of 116.448 tonnage registered, enrolled, and licensed at
all the ports.
Railways.— The railroad mileage in 18® was 5,629 m., the
actual length operated 4,940 m. The capital was $93,471,679; the
funded debt, $98,472,866 ; total investment, $214,249,626 : cost of
road-bed and equipment, $202,384,403. The total receipts from
22
passengers were $7,084,474 ; from freight,
$15,845,342 ; total. $23,842,902. The net
earnings were $6,202,974 ; the interest paid
on bonds. $4,943,569 : and the dividend
paid on stocks, $961,994.
Finances.— The amount of the State
debt on Oct. 1, 1886, was $243,197.97, funded
at 7 per cent., and the sinking-fund was
$231,000. The State receipts for the year
ending Oct. 1, 1886, were $3,046,999.’ the
State expenditures $2,895,252. The amount
raised by taxation in 1880 w as $1,202,161, of
which $812,712 came from railway corpor-
ations. The amount of taxable property
I as assessed in 1886, real and personal, was
$849,921,063. The total value, as fixed by
the State Board of Equalization, was
$945,000,000. The estimated true valuation
in 1880 was $1,370,000,000. The State tax
is 12'72 cents on $100.
Political — State, congressional, and
presidential elections occur on the Tues-
day after the first Monday in November.
The Legislature, which has no limit of
session, consists of 32 Senators and 100
Representatives, elected for two years, and meets biennially on
odd-numbered years on the first Wednesday in January. The
electoral votes are 13, and voters in 1880 were 467,687.
Educational.— The pupils enrolled in the public schools in
1885 were 411,954. The salaries paid to teachers were $2,784,324,
and the total school expenditures $1,728,941. The State had in
1885 eight colleges, with 165 instructors and 2.303 students. The
income was $181,598 from fees and fixed funds; the number of
books in the college libraries, 95.425 : and the total value of build-
ings. grounds, apparatus, etc., $1,550,531. The principal colleges
are the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. Hillsdale College at
Hillsdale, and Olivet College at Olivet.
Agriculture. — The U. S. census of 1880 assigned the State 13,-
869.221 acres of farming-land, valued at $499,103,181, and employing
the labor of 240,319 persons. Late State reports give the number
of farms as 154,008 ; the value of cleared land per acre, $14.39 ;
and that of wmodland, $20.27. The U. S. Department of Agricult-
ure reported the staple crops of 1885 as follows :
CLASSES.
Acres.
Bushels.
Value.
Corn
9:38.682
30.706,000
S10. 440,040
Wheat
1,628,929
31,261.000
26,259,240
Oats
615,800
21,789.000
6.100.920
Rye
22.118
2.50,000
147.460
Barley
51.874
1.209.000
725.198
Buckw'heat
33.826
433,000
251,124
Potatoes
148,048
12.880,000
Tons.
4,379,260
Hay
1,256,027
1.507.232
16.142,155
The horses reported for the same year were 428,650, value $38,-
826,692 ; milch-cows, 430,362, value $12,770,598 ; oxen and other cat-
tle, 506.644, value $12,929,152 : sheep. 2,269,607, value $1,788,871 ;
swine, 840,682, value $4,430,393.
Manufactures and Mining.— The number of manufactur-
ing establishments in 1880 (U. S. census) was 8,873, employing 77.-
591 hands and $92,930,959 capital. The amount paid in wages was
$25,318,682 ; value of material, $92,852,969 ; and the value of prod-
ucts, $150,692,025. The leading branches are exhibited in detail :
CLASSES.
Agricultural implements.
Clothing, men’s
Flouring- and grist-mill
products
Foundry and machine-
shop products
Fruits and vegetables,
canned
Iron and steel
Leather, tanned
Lumber, sawed
Salt
Sash, doors, and blinds. .
Ship-building
Slaughtering and meat-
packing. .-
Tobacco, cigars, etc
Capital.
Wages paid.
Value of ma-
terial.
Value of
products.
$2,488,287
$650,192
$1,337,945
$3,102,638
1,407,625
631,163
1,851,037
3,029,478
7,704,464
726,289
20.668.615
23.546,875
5,558,197
1,558,560
2,469.754
5,271,142
2,442.286
1,141.050
1.541.559
3,514.176
4,175,386
922.597
3,279.420
4,591,613
1.081,489
222,228
1,450,559
2.029.653
39,260,428
6.967.905
32.251.372
52,449,928
2.147.209
541.052
1,009,733
2,271,913
1.624.251
566,004
1.278,996
2.440,402
460,775
745,933
1,089,985
2,034,636
573,000
89.527
1.712.479
2,065.634
694,392
541,727
968,410
2,146.089
The mineral productions of Michigan make it notable among
the States. The copper-mines of Lake Superior are famous
throughout the world. The yield in 1885 was 72.148.172 lbs., or
about $7,300,0(10 in value, and about 43 per cent of the total pro-
duction of the United States. The State produced 143,121 short
tons of pig-iron in 1885, besides shipping 2.222.959 long tons of iron-
ore to other regions for treatment. The coal production for the
same year was 45.178 long tons. The salt-mines yielded 3,297,403
bids., valued at $2,907,663. Other products were 3,000 short tons of
mineral fertilizers, and 301.100 lbs. of bromine.
Relative Rank.— The State stands ninth in population (cen-
sus of 1880) ; eleventh in size ; first in copper, lumber, and salt ;
second in wheat : third in iron-ore ; fourth in buckwheat ; eighth
in pig-iron, miles of railway, barley, and sheep ; tenth in horses
and milch-cows ; and thirteenth in hay.
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MINNESOTA
Historical. — The name is derived
from an Indian word, signifying "sky-
colored water.” Hennepin and La Salle
visited the region as early as 1680. Within
the present century Pike, Long, Keating,
Nicollet, Schoolcraft, Owen, and others
explored it thoroughly, but it was not un-
til 1812 that the United States had any
authority within its limits. Fort Snelling
was established in 1819, and in 1837 lum-
bering industries began to attract immi-
gration. Tlie Territory established in 1849
embraced about twice the limits of the
present State, the western limit extending |
to the Missouri and White Earth Rivers. \
In 1851 the Sioux ceded all their lands W.
of the Mississippi to the Hig Sioux Rivers.
The State was admitted to the Union May
11. 1858. The portion of the State lying
W. of the Mississippi originally belonged
to the Louisiana purchase, and the E.
portion was a part of what was known as
the "Northwest Territory.” Minnesota
was the nineteenth State admitted.
Geographical — -The area of the State is 83,365 sq. m., the ex-
treme length being 380 m. ; breadth near the N. boundary, 337 m. ;
near the middle, 183 ; and on the S. line, 262 m. The State in-
cludes 79 counties, and is bounded N. by British America, the
dividing line being formed W. of the Lake of the Woods by the
49th parallel and E. of that lake by Rainy Lake River. Rainy and
other lakes, and Pigeon River : E. by Lake Superior and Wiscon-
sin, from which it is separated by a line drawn due S. from the
first rapids of the St. Louis River to the St. Croix River, and by
the St. Croix and Mississippi ; S. by Iowa ; and W. by Dakota,
from which it is divided by the Red River of the North, the Bois
de Sioux River, Lake Traverse, and Big Stone Lake, and a line
drawn directly S. from the outlet of the last-named lake to the
Iowa boundary. The State lies near the center of the continent ;
is the most elevated plateau between the Gulf of Mexico anil Hud-
son Bay ; and is the water shed of the three great river systems
of North America : that of the Mississippi, which flows S. to the
Gulf of Mexico ; that of the St. Lawrence, which drains the great
lakes and flows to the Atlantic ; and the Red River of the North,
which finds an outlet in Hudson Bay. The hills called Hauteurs
des Terres. in N. E. Minnesota, rising 1,680 ft. above the sea-level,
make the dividing ridge between the Mississippi and Lake Su-
perior. The surface of the State is generally an undulating plain,
studded with lakes and groves, with frequent belts of timber.
Two thirds of the surface slopes S. E. with the course of the Mis-
sissippi. The latter-named river rises in Lake Itasca, in the N. E.
part of the State, and flows S. E. 797 m. through Minnesota, 134 m.
forming the E. boundary. It is navigable 540 m. of its course.
The Minnesota cuts the State N. E. and S. W. and is navigable 300
m. The Red River of the North forms the W. boundary for 379
m., and is navigable 250 m. The St. Croix, on the E. boundary,
rises in Wisconsin, and is navigable for 53 m. The St. Louis River
in the N E. empties into Lake Superior, and is the first link in the
chain of lakes and rivers making the St. Lawrence system. Tiie
navigable waters within the State are 1.532 m. long, with a shore-
line of 2,746 m. The Mississippi and some of the other rivers are
lined with lofty and picturesque bluffs. The State is noted for the
number and beauty of its small lakes.
Natural Resources. — Copper abounds on the Lake Superior
shore, and beds of good iron-ore are found on the Portage and
Pigeon Rivers. Peat exists throughout the State, and salt-springs,
slate, limestone, glass, sand, and brick-making and pottery clay
are found. Gold and silver exist, but not in commercial quanti-
ties. The N. part of the State has extensive forests of white-pine,
and hard-wood belts are found everywhere. The soil and climate
are splendidly adapted for wheat, cattle, and dairy-farming.
Climate — Thd- winters are cold but dry, with slight snow-
fall, and the summers warm lint breezy. The average annual
summer temperature is from 70° to 75°, that of winter from 12°
to 15°. and the average total rainfall is about 35 in.
Principal Places. — St. Paul, the capital, port of delivery, and
important railway and commercial center : Minneapolis, the me-
tropolis, active, commercial, and manufacturing city, the most im-
portant flour-milling place in the world, and a great lumber depot ;
Winona and Stillwater, grain-shipping and lumber-distributing
points ; Red Wing, a thriving river-port ; and Mankato and Fari-
bault, grain emporiums and farming centers.
Population. — (Census. 1880): Total, 780,773; white. 776,884:
colored, 3,889 ; including 2,300 Indians and 24 Chinese. The lead-
ing cities show, by this enumeration, Faribault, 5,415 ; Mankato,
5,550 ; Minneapolis, 46,887 ; Red Wing, 5.876 ; Rochester, 5,103 ;
St. Paul, 41,473 ; Stillwater, 9,055 ; and Winona, 10,208. According
to the State census of 1885 the State had 1.117,198 population, and
St. Paul and Minneapolis, 111,397 and 129,200, respectively.
Political The State, congressional, and presidential elec-
tions occur on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November.
The General Assembly is constituted of 47 Senators elected quad-
rennially. and of 103 Representatives, elected biennially. The
sessions are biennial in odd-numbered years, limited to 60 days,
ami meeting on the Tuesday after the first Monday in January.
The Governor and all the executive officers serve a two years’
term. The judiciary are elected by the popular vote. The num-
ber of electoral votes is 7, and that of voters, by the last State cen-
sus of 1885, 306,435.
Educational. — The number of pupils enrolled in 1885 was
232,721, and the average daily attendance, 118,697. The total ex-
penses of schools were $2, 587,544, and the salaries paid teachers
were $2,238,073. Out of a population in 1880 of 559,977, over ten
years old, there were 20,551 who could not read, and 34,546 who
could not write. Minnesota in 1885 had five colleges, with 80 in-
structors and 947 students. The income was $56,620 ; the number
23
of volumes in the libraries, 29.640 ; and the
total value of grounds, buildings, appara-
tus,etc., $531,221. The most important of
the colleges are the University of Minne-
sota, at Minneapolis, a State institution; St.
John's College i Romanist), at St. Joseph's ;
and Maealester College at Minneapolis.
Commerce.— Minnesota has two ports
of entry, Duluth on Lake Superior and
Pembina on the Red River, and one port of
delivery, St. Paul. The total imports of
the State for the year ending June 30. ] 886,
were $1,135,253, and the total exports, $3,-
204,765. There entered 176 vessels, of 86,826
tonnage, and there cleared 177 vessels, of
84,838 tonnage, at Duluth. The number of
vessels enrolled, registered, and licensed at
both ports was 81, of 8,832 tonnage.
Railways.— The length of road in the
State, in 1885 was 4.331 m., and the length
of line operated was 6,194 m. The capital
stock was $176,714,755 ; the funded debt,
$155,365,291 ; the total investment. $351,-
196,749; and the cost of road-bed and
equipment. $328,253,658. The gross earnings from passengers
were $6,489,679 ; the earnings from freights, $20,692,523: from all
sources, $28,071,141 ; and the net earnings were $12,690,693. The
interest paid on bonds was $8,973,391, and the dividends paid on
stocks, $2,316,773.
Agriculture.— Minnesota lias a total land area of 50,591,200
acres (exclusive of towns), of which 30.000.000 acres are forest and
uncultivated lands, and 7.300,O0O farm area <U. S. Bureau of Agri-
culture, report of 1885). The State census of 1885. however, claims
16,000,000 of farm acreage. The same authority reports ItO.OOO
farms. The number of people engaged in agriculture in 1880 was
1.31,535. The leading crops for 1885 were as follows :
CLASSES.
Actes.
Bushels.
Value.
Corn
648,913
18,431,000
$5,897,920
Wheat
3,084,274
34.285,000
23,999,500
1.076,393
37,544,000
9,386,000
Rye
32,710
500,000
240,222
Barley
337,525
8,033.000
3,293,569
Buckwheat
6,539
73.000
51,266
Potatoes
61,923
5,263,000
Tons.
2,105,382
Hay
2,047,500
2,457,000
11.425,050
It produced in 1883, 826,281 bushels of flaxseed. The animals on
farms were : Horses. 3:34,588, value $24,767,040 : mules, 10.553, value
$1,035,689; milch-cows, 386,366, value $10,768,020 ; oxen and other
cattle, 448,695, value $10,098,280 : sheep, 278,162, value $615,294 ;
swine, 440.540, value $2.056, COO. The number of animals on farms
in 1885 were : Horses, 343,588, value $26,767,040 ; mules, 10,553, value
$1,035,689; milch-cows, 386,366, value $10,768,020; oxen and other
cattle, 448,695, value $10,098,280 ; sheep, 278.162, value $615,294 : and
swine, 440,540, value $2,056,000.
Manufactures and Mining The census of 1880 credits the
State with 3.493 manufacturing establishments, employing 21.212
hands, and $31,004,811 capital. The total wages paid were $8,013.-
194 : the value of materials used, $55,660,681 ; and the value of
products, $70,065,198. Leading branches are given below :
CLASSES.
Capital.
W ages paid.
Value of
material.
Value of
product.
Agricultural imple-
ments
$2,315,222
$507,085
$975,890
$2,340,288
Biacksmithing
371,000
182,100
265,767
765,807
Boots and shoes
681.046
334,637
768.117
1,422,053
Carpentering
234,575
436,657
985,797
1.722.877
Carriages and wagons
423.800
218,190
300,020
728,017
Clothing, men’s
467,875
406.361
910,137
1.662.885
Cooperage
301,650
322,559
529,299
1,007,643
Flouring- and grist-
mill-produets
10,510,362
1.371,646
37.155,429
41,519,004
Foundry' and machine-
shop products
927.550
422.940
860.340
1.606.518
Liquors, malt
1,389,900
150,952
647,345
1.153,122
Lumber, planed
360.500
131,392
398.450
657,377
Lumber, sawed
6,771,145
924,473
4,529,055
7,366,038
Printing and publish-
ing
817,845
409,104
351,941
1,043,369
Sash, doors, and
blinds
Or
©
3
265,896
734,125
1.344,618
Slaughtering and
meat-packing
230.000
41,700
716,153
887,532
The State yielded in 1885, 225,484 long tons of iron-ore, but the
copper-mines were not worked. Pig-iron also ceased to be a
product. The iron interests are being extended with energy.
Finances. — The amount of State debt. July 31. 1886, was $4,-
026,000, funded at -1} per cent. Of this, $2,261,000 is held as a per
manent investment by the school-fund. The State receipts for
the year ending July 31. 1886. were $3,1:34.718.94. and the State ex-
penditures for the same time, $2,816,719.23. The amount raised
by State taxation was $658,997.85. The amount of taxable prop-
erty, as assessed in 1885, was, real, $386,545,387 ; personal, $i9,-
204,827 ; total, $466,752,214.
Relative Rank.— Minnesota is sixth in area ; twenty-second
in population : first in wheat- and flour-milling ; fourth in barley ;
seventh in lumber ; eighth in hay : eleventh in miles of railway ;
and sixteenth in general manufactures.
Hiver
MISSISSI
I.
Historical. This region was first tra-
versed by De Soto in 1542, and in 1(582 La
Salle descended the Mississippi (the name
derived from Indian words meaning “Great
Water took formal possession, and
called the adjacent country Louisiana.
Iberville built a fort on the Bay of Biloxi in
1691), and in 1716 Fort Rosalie was erected
on the site of Natchez. After the cession
of the E. portion of Louisiana (including
is now Mississippi) to Great Britain.
what is
in 1763, and until the' Revolutionary War,
immigration proceeded very slowly. The
Territory of Mississippi was organized in
1798. In 1804 the boundaries were enlarged,
and Mississippi was made to comprise the
whole of the present States of Alabama
and Mississippi N. of the 31st parallel. The
region S. of that line between the Pearl
and Perdido Rivers was added in 1812,
though claimed by Spain. Alabama was
organized as a Territory in 1817, and Mis-
sissippi was admitted as a State, the
seventh under the Federal Constitution.
A new Constitution was formed in 1832.
The ordinance of secession was passed Jan. 9, 1861. The princi-
pal military events within the State during the war of 1861-’65
were the battles of Iuka and Corinth and the siege of Vicksburg,
which surrendered on July 4. 1863. The State was formally
readmitted to the Union in 1870.
Geographical. — The area of the State, which is divided into
74 counties, is 46,810 sq. m. ; the mean breadth being 142 m., the
extreme breadth 189 m., and the extreme length 332 m. The Gulf
frontage, including irregularities and islands, is 287 m. Mississip-
pi is bounded N. by Tennessee ; E. by Alabama : S. between the
Alabama line and Pearl River by the Gulf of Mexico, and from
the Pearl to the Mississippi by Louisiana ; and W. by Louisiana
and Arkansas. The principal harbors are those of Pascagoula,
Biloxi, Mississippi City, and Shieldsborough (on Bay St. Louis),
but none of them admit large vessels. The Mississippi River
forms the W. boundary for 500 m. by its windings, but the only
two river-ports of importance are Vicksburg and Natchez. The
principal affluents of the Mississippi from this State are the Homo-
chitto, Ba.you Pierre, the Big Black, and the Yazoo Rivers. N. of
the Yazoo, the Great Swamp is interspersed by numerous streams,
often running into each other, among which are the Sunflower,
which leaves the Mississippi in the N. part of the State, and cut-
ting through the swamp joins the Yazoo about 35 m. above its
mouth : and the Cold Water, an affluent of the Tallahatchie,
which is connected by an arm with the Mississippi just above the
Sunflower. The Yazoo, which drains the N. W. part of the State,
is formed by the junction of the Tallahatchie and Yalobusha Riv-
ers, and joins the Mississippi a short distance from Vicksburg,
being navigable the whole length. The Big Black rises in the N.
central portion of the State, and is navigable for 50 m. above its
mouth. The principal rivers entering the Gulf are the Pearl and
the Pascagoula.
Natural Resources. — The State has no mineral wealth ex-
cept in its beds of marls and phosphates. It had always stood
first among the cotton-producing States, but within a few years
it has had to take second rank. Indian corn is also a great staple,
and sugar and rice are grown in the S., while wheat and other
cereals are produced in the N. part of the State. All of the tem-
perate and many of the sub-tropical fruits yield luxuriantly. The
forests, both of the northern uplands and of the lower Pascogoula,
are utilized for an important lumber and timber trade.
Climate. — The State is generally healthy except in the Missis-
sippi bottoms : the summers are long and hot. and the winters
somewhat colder than in the corresponding Atlantic latitude. The
mean temperature of summer ranges from 80° to 85° ; that of
winter from 40° to 45°. The total annual rainfall ranges between
48 and 60 in.
Principal Places Jackson, the capital, and seat of most
important public institutions ; Meridian, an important railway
center ; Holly Springs, prominent for its educational institutions :
Natchez, an active commercial city and the oldest in the State ;
and Vicksburg, the chief mart of the lower Mississippi next to
New Orleans, and historically celebrated in the late war.
Population. — (Censusof 1880) : Total. 1,131,597 ; male, 567,177 ;
female, 564,420 ; native, 1,128,388 ; foreign, 9,209 ; white, 479,398 ;
colored, 650,291 : Chinese, 51 : Indians, 1,857 ; slaves, in 1860. 436.-
631. The leading cities were as follows : Jackson, 5,204 ; Merid-
ian. 4.008 : Natchez. 7,058 ; Vicksburg, 11,814.
Railroads The mileage in Mississippi in 1885 was 1.920 m.,
and the length of line operated, 343 m. The capital stock is $9,131,-
977 ; the funded debt. $9,754,541 ; the total investment, $20,278,-
217 : the cost of road-bed and equipment, $18,421,599. The re-
ceipts from passengers were $334,102 ; from freight, $795,444 ;
total, $1,187,122. The net earnings were $239,768, and the interest
paid on bonds was $307,599.
Commerce The foreign trade is mostly through Mobile and
New Orleans : what is direct comes through Shieldsborough
( Pearl River district), the other ports of entry being Natchez and
Vicksburg. Cotton and lumber are the chief exports. The total
value of direct foreign exports for 1885 was $442,000, and of im-
ports, $4,007. The entire State commerce for the same year was
estimated at $47,015,272. The entrances of vessels in the foreign
and coasting trade were 117, of 48,584 tonnage ; the clearances, 128,
of 50,426 tonnage ; the number of vessels registered, enrolled, and
licensed in Mississippi was 184. of 8,811 tonnage.
Finances.— The amount of State debt, January 1, 1886, was
$3,178,693.61. A portion of this constitutes the school-fund. The
Treasurer of the State reports the net State debt to be $773,166.93.
The State receipts for year ending Jan. 1, 1886, were $902,494.79 ;
and the State expenditures were $904,494.79. The amount raised
24
by taxation the same year was $605,641.08.
The amount of taxable property as as-
sessed in 1886 was : Real, 587.282. 151 ; per-
sonal. $38,451,381 ; total. $125,736,838. Rate
of State tax is 25 cents on $100. Of the State
taxes collected §71,995.53 was from tax on
railroads and express, telegraph, insur-
ance, and banking companies; $120,050
from licenses to sell liquor ; and $26,418
from a privilege-tax on merchants, law-
yers, banks, hotels, shows, etc. A dollar
poll-tax is mposed on adults under fifty-
five years which in 18S5 produced $193,260
for the school-fund. The estimated true
valuation of property, real and personal in
1860 was $324,000,000, a per capita rate of
$286. The internal-revenue receipts in 1880
for the State were $47,062. Legal interest
is 6 per cent, by contract 10.
Political. — The Governor and other
executive officers are elected quadrennial-
ly. and the Legislature biennially. State,
congressional, and presidential elections
on the Tuesday after the first Monday in
November. The Legislature meets bien-
nially on even-numbered years on the Tuesday after the first
Monday in January, and is without legal limit of session. The
Senators number 37, the Representatives 120, the term of the
former being four years, that of the latter two.
Agriculture.— The estimate of the last U. S. census gives the
State 15,883,251 acreage of farming-lands, valued at $92,844,915 ;
divided into 101,772 farms, and employing 339,938 persons, about
46 per cent of the working population. The U. S. Agricultural
Department reports for 1885 show the following figures of yield
for the staple crops :
CLASSES.
Acres.
Bushels
Value.
Corn
1,927,392
25,765.000
S13.913.100
Wheat
38,448
190.000
197.600
Oats
355,001
3,962,000
2.179,100
Potatoes
8,471
576,000
Tons.
489,624
Hay
11,069
11.069
Bales.
130,061
Cotton
2,535.994
1,019,470
41,854,341
Other products for the year 18*4 were rice, 52.0i i ,515 lbs. : to-
bacco, 415.362 lbs. : wool,' 734.643 lbs. ; sweet-potatoes, 5.000.000
bu. : butter, 10,000,000 lbs. : molasses. 536.625 galls. The animals
on farms in the State in 1885 were : Horses. 125,154, value $8,688.-
875; mules, 147.512, value $13,064,504; milch-cows. 277.523, value
$1,429,267 : oxen and other cattle. 420.457. value $4,158,822 ; sheep.
276,103, value $413,878 ; swine. 1,212.144. value §3,085.615.
Manufactures and Mining. — According to the U. S. census
of 1880, the State had 1,479 establishments, employing 5,827 hands,
and $4,727,600 capital. The amount of wages paid was $1,192.-
645 : the value of materials. $4,669,658 : and the value of products,
S7,195,802. Some of the leading branches are appended :
CLASSES.
Capital.
Wages
paid.
Value of
material.
Value of
product.
Blacksmithing
$62,925
$43,173
$53,650
$166,291
Boots and shoes
61,975
49,245
86.643
192.312
Brick and tile
106,125
89.053
42.979
194.870
Carpentering
23,175
39,642
91,400
170,316
Carriages and wagons .
129.500
57.812
75.520
191.500
Cotton goods
1.130,640
136,304
315.649
691,415
Leather
63.990
19,548
141.098
208.636
Lumber, sawed
922,595
197,867
1.219.116
1,920,335
Flouring- and grist-mill
products
889,950
96,423
1,535,602
1,762,523
Foundrv and machine-
shops
130,500
59.468
70,126
172.200
Oil, cotton-seed, and cake
450.000
94.860
371,080
560.363
Printing and publishing. .
96.500
58.271
38,661
138,500
Woolen goods
331,500
53,100
211,646
299,605
The only mineral deposits of any value are cretaceous marls,
which are just beginning to be manufactured into fertilizers.
Educational.— The school system is under the charge of a
State Superintendent, who, with the Secretary of State and the
Attorney-General, constitutes the Board of Education. Eaeli
county and each incorporated city of more than 3.000 inhabitants
makes a school district. The statistics of illiteracy in 1880 showed
that out of a population over ten years of 753,693 people, 315.612
could not read, and 373,201 could not write. Of these illiterates
nearly all were colored. The number of scholars enrolled in 1885
was 279,020, and the average daily attendance was 184,121. The
total expenses of the schools were $872,320. There were three
colleges in the State, with 28 instructors and 763 students. The
total income was $39,745 ; the number of volumes in the libraries
was 11.000: and the value of grounds, buildings, and apparatus
was $175,000. The principal institutions are the University of
Mississippi at Oxford ; Alcorn University at Oakland, being a
State institution, and having agricultural and mechanical depart-
ments ; and Tougaloo University. Shaw University, at Holly
Springs, is designed for the training of colored students.
Relative Rank.— The State is eighteenth in population and
twentieth in area. It ranks second in cotton, fifth in rice, sixth
in molasses, and seventh in sugar.
MISSOURI.
Historical. -The name of the State
signifies “ Mud River.” The settlement and
progress of Missouri were at first slower
than in the lower portions of French
Louisiana. Its oldest town, Ste. Genevieve,
was founded in 1755. In 17ti2 France ceded
to Spain the portion W. of the Mississippi,
and to England the section E. of the river.
Numbers of Canadian French had settled
along the whole line of the river, and an
active trade been carried on between upper
and lower Louisiana. With liberal grants
of lands to colonists, immigrants flocked
hither from Spain. In 1775, St. Louis, origin-
ally a depot of the fur-trade, contained son
inhabitants, while Ste. Genevieve had only
-Kill. Spain sided with the colonists during
1 he Revolution, and her arms were success-
ful in lower Louisiana and Florida. In 1780,
however, St. Louis was attacked by a force
of English and Indians from Michilimacki-
nac, and was only relieved by the arrival of
Gen. Clarke from Kaskaskia with Ameri-
can assistance. With the retrocession of
Louisiana to France in 1800, and its sub-
sequent sale to the United States by Napoleon three years later,
its political ownership became fixed. Missouri was included
in the Territory of Louisiana, which had been set off in 1805,
with St. Louis as the seat of Territorial government. In 1812,
with the admission of the present State of Louisiana into the
Union, the name of the Territory was changed to Missouri.
With rapid immigration the population had swelled in 1817 to
<50,000. In 1820, by the celebrated compromise, Missouri was
admitted to the Union as a slaveholding State, on condition
that slavery should never exist N. of lat. 3*5° 30', in lands farther
W., out of which new States should be formed. During the late
civil war repeated efforts were made to force secession on Mis-
souri, but unsuccessfully. Though no great battles were fought
within the State limits, it was the field of active military opera-
tions and, in many sections, of bloody guerrilla-fighting. The
battle of Wilson's Creek, on Aug. 10, 1861, where Gen. Lyon, the
Federal commander, was killed, and the capture of Lexington by
the Confederate general. Sterling Price, on Sept. 20, 1861, were the
most important events of the first year of the conflict. Several
times Gen. Price held more than half the State in his hands, and
it was not till 1864 that the Confederates were finally expelled. In
June, 1865, a new Constitution was ratified by the people. The
fifteenth amendment to the Constitution was adopted by the
Legislature in 1869. Missouri was the eleventh State admitted
under the Federal Constitution.
Geographical.— The area of the State is more than that of all
New England, being 69,415 sq. m. Its length N. and S. is 277 m.,
its average breadth is 245 in., varying from 208 in. in the N. to 312
m. in the S. There is a narrow strip between the Mississippi and
the St. Francis Rivers, extending about 35 m. southward beyond
the general body of the State between Arkansas and Tennessee.
There are 115 counties in Missouri, and it is bounded N. by Iowa ;
E. by Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee, from which the Missis-
sippi River divides it : S. by Arkansas ; and W. by Indian Terri-
tory, Kansas, and Nebraska, from which it is divided by a N. and
S. line on the meridian of the mouth of the Kansas River, and
thence N. by the main channel of the Missouri River. The Missis-
sippi River frontage on the E. boundary is 500 m. long. The Mis-
souri River divides the State into two distinct parts. The S. part
is undulating, rising into mountains as it approaches the Ozark
range. The other division is more level. Extensive bottom-lands
lie along the Mississippi, inclusive of many cypress swamps, small
lakes, and lagoons. The highlands along the same river begin at
Cape Girardeau and extend to the mouth of the Missouri. In this
section bluffs of solid limestone rise to the height occasionally of
360 ft. This elevated region crosses the breadth of the State to
the vicinity of the Osage River, and is a very picturesque portion
of Missouri. Between the Gasconade and Osage, both affluents of
the Missouri, a range of low hills approaches that river, rising
about 150 ft. above the mean level, and constituting the N. spur of
the Ozark Mountains. This elevated tract covers more than half
the region S. of the Missouri. Hills, rising from 500 to 1.000 ft.
above their bases, are very numerous, and are divided into knobs
or peaks, with round summits and precipitous sides of sandstone,
but do not occur in an extended range. W. of this region the
country is a rolling prairie, and to the N., along both banks of the
Missouri, extend rich alluvial bottoms. N. of the Missouri the
country, which is about one third of the State, is rolling or level
prairie. Between the Mississippi and the Missouri are the broad
valleys of subsidiary streams and intervening tracts of rolling up-
lands. The forests occur along the margins of streams. The two
principal streams traversing the State are the Missouri and the
Osage. The Missouri, forming the N. W. boundary, makes a bend
at Kansas City, and flows E., S., and E., across the State to the
Mississippi. It is navigable throughout for large steamers. The
Osage, flowing through the W. part of the State and emptying
into the Missouri, is navigable for small steamboats. The next
most important streams are the St. Francis, White, Black, Cur-
rent, Gasconade, Grand, and Chariton, all navigable for small
boats during early summer.
Climate The climate is variable, characterized by frequently
extreme winters and hot summers, with rapid changes of tempera-
ture, trying to weak constitutions. At St. Louis the mean tem-
perature for a series of years in January was from 26° to 30° ; in
April, from 55° to 58° ; in July, 78° to 82° ; and in October, from
58° to 62°. The rainfall is from 30 to 35 in.
Natural Resources.— The soil and climate are suited to a
great variety of crops. Corn, wheat, oats, and tobacco are the
staple products, while cotton, hemp, and flax are raised in the
-southern counties. Fruits are extensively cultivated, and the
25
■rrrrrrrr-
grape and wine industry is growing in im-
portance. Cattle, sheep, and dairy -farming
are of great value. Abundant water-power
gives superior advantage for manufactur-
ing. Its mineral wealth places the State in
the front rank. Its bituminous coal-fields
embrace 23,100 sq m. Extensive and valu-
able iron and limestone beds are found,
and Iron Mountain is one of the most won-
derful deposits of iron-ore, almost pure, in
the world. The lead-mines are also im-
lortant. and both copper and zinc have
ieen extensively worked.
Principal Places. — Jefferson City,
the capital, on the Missouri River, seat of
important public institutions ; St. Louis,
largest city W. of the Mississippi, port of
entry, and great commercial and manu-
facturing center : Kansas City, on the Mis-
souri River, important commercial and
manufacturing point, second city of the
State, sometimes called the “ second Chi-
cago ” ; St. Joseph, railway’ center and
thriving commercial city ; Hannibal, man-
ufacturing and commercial city, on the
Mississippi ; Sedalia, railroad center and manufacturing town ;
.Springfield, emporium of S. W. Missouri.
Population. -(U. S. census of 1880): Total, 2,168.380 : male,
1.127,187; female, 1.041,193: native, 1,950.802; foreign, 211.578;
white, 2,022,820 ; colored. 145.350 ; Chinese, 71 ; Indians. 1 13.
Population of leading cities as follows : Hannibal, 11,074 ; Jeffer-
son City, 5,271 ; Kansas City, 55,785 : Moberly, 0.070 ; St. Joseph,
32,431 : St. Louis, 350,518 : Sedalia. 9,561 ; Springfield, 6.522.
Manufactures and Mining.— The number of manufactur-
ing establishments in 1880 was 8,592, and they employed 63.995
hands and $72,507,814 capital. The total wages paid were 824.309. •
716; the value of material used, $110,698,392: and the value of
products, $165,384,005. The principal branches are shown in the
accompanying table :
CLASSES.
Capital.
Wages
paid.
Value of
material.
Value of
product.
Agricultural implements .
$645,722
$276,536
$599,015
$1,141,822
Bags and bagging
945,000
232.216
2,011,900
2.597.395
Blacksmithing
827,105
510,890
727.585
2.122,068
Boots and shoes
1,063.615
678,324
1,586,222
2,9.38,557
Bread and other bakery
products
864.520
405,064
2.159,908
3.250,192
Brick and tile
989,415
705,975
388,364
1,602.522
Carpentering
569,050
1,172,409
2,677.721
5,027.011
Carriages and wagons . . .
1,054,050
699,892
1,183,478
2,483,738
Cars, railroad and street,
etc
424,200
411,591
1,405.460
1.931,609
Clothing, men's
1,450,254
882,726
2,104,997
3,822.477
Confectionery
319.260
174,574
835,540
1.247.235
Cooperage
<d 19,260
510,654
1,017,617
1,904.822
Drugs and chemicals
722,450
130,475
680,545
1,220,211
Flour- and grist - mill
products
7,883,675
1.200,493
28.202,782
32,4.38,831
Foundry and machine-
shop products
4,027,163
2,093,224
3,147,187
6,798,832
Furniture
1,178,682
642,476
1.219.165
2,380,563
Gold and silver refining. .
350,000
67.747
4,038,925
4.158.606
Iron and steel
734,575
3.249.558
4.660.530
Liquors, malt
4.942,700
699.616
2,852,236
5,048.077
Lumber, sawed
2,867,970
669,664
3.215.292
5,265,617
Paints
1,808,530
270,532
2,186.980
2,825.860
Printing and publishing. .
2,949,660
1,538,564
1,515.048
4.452,962
Sadlery and harness
1,898.723
793,536
2,345,485
3,976.175
Sash, doors, and blinds. . .
61X1.975
279,911
696,671
1.232,670
Slaughtering and meat-
657,918
12,352,907
14,628,630
Sugar and molasses, re-
fined
840,000
112,270
4,173,100
4,475,740
Tin - ware, copper - ware,
etc
656,860
338,597
864,643
1,687.320
Tobacco and cigars, etc . .
1,883,762
917,922
4,856,004
6,810,719
The mining industries of Missouri are of great value, and prom-
ise to increase her proportionate plac" as a producer rapidly. The
following statistics are for the yield of 1885. except where other-
wise stated : The coal produced was 2,750,000 long tons, value $3.-
850,000 ; pig-iron, 51.408 short tons : iron-ore, 234.162 long tons ;
copper, 230,000 lbs. (1884) ; lead. 13.863 short tons : zinc. 4,677 short
tons ; barytes, 4.000 long tons : mineral fertilizers, 5.000 short tons.
Finances. — The amount of the State debt on Nov. 9, 1885, was
$11,309,000, bearing 6 per cent interest. Besides this the State has
$3,000,000 of State bonds advanced to the Hannibal & St. Joseph
Railroad, the interest of which is paid by the railroad company.
The State receipts for the year ending Jan. 1. 1885. were $2,928,-
356 ; the State expenditures for the year were $2,730,998 : and the
amount raised by taxation for year ending Dec. 1, 1886, was $2,-
839,523. The amount of taxable property as assessed in 1884 was
as follows: Real, $496,730,663; personal. $187,145,151; railroad
and telegraph property, $41,898,845 ; total, $725,775,529. The rate
of State tax is 4 mills on $1. The estimated true valuation of
property, real and personal, in 1880, was $1,530,000. a per capita
rate of $706. The internal revenue receipts to the Government
from Missouri in 1886 were $7,060,652. The internal improvement
expenditures of the United States on Missouri from 1789 to 1883
were $7,698,800.
Political The Governor and other executive officers of the
State are elected quadrennially', and the Legislature every two
MISSOURI.
years. There are 31 Senators, elected for four years (half every
two years), and 141 Representatives, elected for two years. The
legislative sessions are biennial, in odd-numbered years, with a
limit of seventy days, and meeting on the Wednesday after Jan.
1st. All elections are held on the Tuesday after the first Monday
in November. The number of electoral votes is lti.
Educational. — The supervision and management of the free-
school system are vested in a Superintendent of Public Instruc-
tion, the Secretary of State, and the Attorney-General. The
number enrolled in the public schools in 1884-’85 was 544,147, and
the average daily attendance was 371,896. The total expenses of
the school system for the same period were $4,251,572, out of which
$2.1106,539 were teachers’ salaries. There were in 1884-’85 eighteen
colleges and universities in the State with 221 instructors, 2,855 stu-
dents, and an income of $176,34!) from fixed funds and tuition fees.
The most notable are t lie State University, at Columbia, having
five colleges ; Washington University and St. Louis University, at
St. Louis.
Kailroads. — ' The State mileage in 1885 was 4,969, and the
length of line operated 5,874 m. The capital stock was $194,038,-
905 : the funded debt, $183,404,089 ; the total investment, $390,-
450,070 ; and the cost of road-bed and equipment, $327,237,333.
The gross earnings from passengers were $7,923,505 ; from
freights, $24,431,622 ; from all sources, $35,316,029 ; net earnings,
$14,583,092. The dividends paid on stock were $3,201,833.
Commerce.— The domestic commerce of the State is impor-
tant. carrying a large portion of the produce of the Northwest and
the Southwest. St. Louis is the great depot of the upper Missis- I
sippi Valley, and Kansas City is the emporium of the Southwestern
cattle and grain business. The value of the imports at St. Louis,
St. Joseph, and Kansas City, for the year ending June 30, 1886,
was $2,505,005. The number of vessels registered in 1886 was 146,
of 51,585 tonnage.
Agriculture.— The farming area in 1880 was 28,177,990 acres,
valuation $375,633,307. The number of people employed in agri-
culture was 355,297, aud of farms 215,575. The staple crops for
1885 were as follows :
CLASSES.
Acres.
Bushels.
Value.
Corn
6,295,728
196,861.000
$49,215,250
Wheat
1,517,598
11,275,000
8,681,750
( >ats
1,267,849
28,312,000
7,361,120
Rye
48.552
505,000
282.767
Potatoes
78,275
6,653, 000
Tons.
2,594,816
Hay
1,312,500
1.575,000
Bales.
11,418,750
Cotton
74,466
32,765
Pounds.
1,336,812
Tobacco
16,493
14,514,000
1,015,969
Relative Rank.— Missouri is fifth in population and ninth in
area. She ranks second in swine ; third in corn ; sixth in coal
aud iron-ore ; ninth in wheat, tobacco, and wool.
Longitude West K)5^froip^re^v.icb
VANCOUVER I.
Sir}<$k
n La
Pembina'
) Miles Cit-
ielena_^
Prtckcnridge’
linneapoJit
\park “J
pieliowsioS
lake
Laker
’ierre
TJubuqu*
; /UOES MOINJ
' V, Atchinsonqr^
^Leaven wortK-v
E B R A S
North Platte
■rentes
A D\0
'Coloradfy’*^
ISprings
LasYAniinas
'.Fork.
luiiiu.sa :
Vinita)
in amm ^PUBLIC LANDSj
x: t" ■ i
SHL-tQUAH
SANTA FJ
Ft.Wingat/”
'te Needier
’A R |V
°Wli
Socorro
Shertnafn •fexarkai11
^Ot3TH^
_ \ \ .onver i
J.1CS0" Vrfe
Tombstone
<
fontera^V/
Li g Springs
AUSTIN)
S\anderson
Presidu
Antonk).
^HermosUlot
San Fernando'
Laredo
rnsville
lgitude WesT \ 28 from Washmgton-
26
Map of the Pacific Railways.
MISSOURI 1
Scale of Miles
0 6 12 18 24
County Towns ® Railroads
This type indicates a population
of 3,000 or over.
l >4 Onij V- L
V-Clle/mige \
1 X Mdloen
©Bfooks Mill
N E VJ)
/ (L
lUarkton/ f J l
^t.PleasantVs
pgHHK$3!,o
^ ioia^Piue
-fm
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J/
l-«= =r q THornen
4
Carutl5rsville^'\._i ^
w%ws
NEBRASKA.
Historical.— The name first applied
to the river is of Indian origin, and signi-
fies “Shallow Water.” When originally
organized as a Territory in 1854, it ex-
tended from lat. 40° N. lo the northern
national boundary and W. to the crest of
the Rocky Mountains. The Territory of
Colorado was set off from this on Feb. ‘48,
1801, and that of Dakota a few months
later. At the same time Nebraska received
from Utah and Washington Territories a
tract of 15,878 sq. m., lying on tlxeS. W.
slope of the Rocky Mountains, which,
however, was taken from her with an ad-
ditional portion in 1803 to form the Terri-
tory of Idaho. Nebraska was thus cut
down to its present limits. Measures to
form a State government were made in
1800 and in 1801, but the first was defeated
by the popular vote, and the second (being
an enabling act of Congress) was not acted
on. The civil war and Indian hostilities
checked the growth of the Territory dur-
ing 18Gl-’05. In 1860 a Constitution was
framed and ratified by popular vote, and
in 1807 Nebraska was admitted as a State, being the twenty-
fourth under the Constitution.
Geographical — Nebraska has an area of 76,855 sq. m. The
width from N. to S. is about 210 m., and the length in the central
part about 420 m. It is divided into 74 counties, much of the N.
W. part being still unorganized. It is bounded N. by Dakota,
from which it is separated in part by the Missouri ; E. by Iowa
and Missouri, from which it is separated by the Missouri River ;
S. by Kansas and Colorado ; and W. by Colorado and Wyoming.
The general surface of the State may be considered a vast plain,
rising gradually from the Missouri River to the mountains. The
bottom-lands are level ; and the prairies, which mostly constitute
the surface, are either gently undulating or broken into low hills
and ridges. There are no mountains except in the west and north-
west, where the land rises into the Black Hills and Rocky Mount-
ains. No large lakes are found, but there are numerous lakelets,
rivers, and streams, which, on the whole, make Nebraska a well-
watered State. The only navigable river is the Missouri, con-
stituting the E. and N. E. boundary-line. The Niobrara enters
the State near the N. W. corner, and flowing E. empties into the
Missouri. The principal river within the State is the Platte, which,
rising in the Rocky Mountains, the N. fork in Wyoming and the
S. fork in Colorado, flows E. through the center of the State and
empties into the Missouri. The river is wide, rapid, and shallow, ’
anil its valley, which is from 8 to 10 m. in width, is of notable |
fertility for 200 m. W. of Omaha ; of the numerous affluents, the
chief are the Wood, the Elkhorn, and the Loup Rivers, all flowing i
in from the N. The S. part of the State is well watered by
streams, flowing into Kansas, the main ones being the Repub-
lican, the Little Blue, West Blue, and Big Blue Rivers.
Natural Resources. — E. Nebraska is a rich agricultural sec-
tion, while the W. portion is well adapted to grazing, the herbage
consisting of the sweet and nutritious buffalo-grass. Wheat, corn,
barley, oats, sorghum, flax, hemp, and all vegetables flourish ;
and sweet-potatoes in the S. portion of the State. Tobacco finds
an excellent soil and climate, and all the fruits, large and small,
adapted to the temperate zone are prolific. The grazing- lands
of the W. are being utilized for sheep and cattle raising ; and
large numbers of cattle from Kansas, New Mexico, and Texas,
are fattened on the nutritious grasses of Nebraska preparatory to
sale. The mineral wealth of the State is not important. The coal
deposits are insignificant, but extensive beds of peat are found in
some parts of the State. Good building-stone, limestone, free-
stone, and gray sandstone, occur in numerous quarries. Good
brick and potter's clay is abundant, and in the S. E. portion are
extensive saline deposits, the springs yielding a remarkably pure
salt. Alum-beds are also found, arid are worked commercially.
Climate.— The air is dry and exhilarating, and the extremes
of temperature not great. The mean winter temperature is
about 24°, and that of summer 72°. The summer heat is tem-
pered by continual prairie-breezes, and the nights are cool. Ac-
cording to the U. S. Signal-Service observations, the annual mean
thermometer is48T°, and the total rainfall, including snow, 34'8
in. Rain falls chiefly in May and June.
Principal Places — Lincoln, the capital, and mart of a pros-
perous agricultural region, seat of the State University ; Omaha,
the metropolis, important railway center, true E. terminus of the
Union Pacific R. R. thriving trade and manufacturing city ; Platts-
mouth, at the mouth of the Platte River, and Nebraska City, river
towns of growing importance.
Population — (Census of 1880): Total, 452,402; male, 249,-
241 ; female, 203.161 : native, 354,988 ; foreign, 97.414 ; white, 449,-
764 ; colored, 2,385 ; Chinese, 18 ; Indians, 235. The leading cities
are as follows by the same enumeration : Lincoln, 13,003 ; Ne-
braska City, 4,183 ; Omaha, 30,518 ; Plattsmouth, 4,175. By the '
State census of June, 1885, Nebraska numbered 740.645 inhabitants.
Finances. -The amount of the State debt on Dec. 1. 1886, was
$449,267.35, drawing 8 per cent interest, besides $50,000 to relieve
grasshopper sufferers, drawing 10 per cent. The amount in the
sinking-fund is $04,781.87. The State receipts for the year ending
Dec. 1, 1886, were $3,323,844.10 ; and the expenditures for the same
year, $2,822,308.33. The amount raised by taxation for the year
ending Dec. 1, 1886, was $1,117,934.58. The amount of taxable j
property assessed in 1886 was, real and personal, $143,932,570 ; rail-
roads. *19,567,298 ; total $163,499,868.
Political The elections, State, congressional, and presiden-
tial, occur on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November.
The Legislature, consisting of 33 Senators and 100 Representatives,
elects each class for two years, meets every other year in odd- ,
numbered years on the first Tuesday in January, and holds a |
session of 40 days or less. The Governor
and other principal executive officers are
elected for two years, and the Supreme
( hurt, consisting of a Chief- Justice and two
associates, for six years. The number of
electoral votes is 5 : and the number of
voters (census of 1880). 129.042. The State
tax is 76T4 cents on $100 : and poll-tax, $3
on males between twenty-one and fifty.
Soldiers, idiots, and convicts are ex-
cluded from voting.
Commerce. Nebraska has no jx>rt of
entry. Omaha being merely a port of de-
livery. The State, therefore, has no for-
eign commerce, but the domestic com-
merce of Omaha is large. The number
of vessels enrolled and licensed for the
river-trade in 1886 was 22. of 3,630 tonnage.
Railways. The statistics of railway
mileage in Nebraska in 1885 give 2,988 m.,
and 2,516 m. operated. The capital stock
was $65,497,000; the funded debt, $128,-
990,194 ; total investment, *251,410,839;
cost of road-bed and equipment, $177,457,-
960. Tlie gross earnings from passengers
were $4,421,703 ; from freight, $13,217,078 ; from all sources,
$19,121,443 ; net earnings, $8,821,494.
Agriculture.— The farming area of Nebraska by the census
of 1880 was 9.944,826 acres, valuation *105,932,541. Out of a popu-
lation of 318,271 over ten years old, there were 90,537 devoted to
agricultural pursuits. The number of farms reported was 03.-
387, tlie average value of cleared lands per acre being $8.93 : and
tiiat of woodland, *25.85. The reports of staple crops for 1885 by
the U. S. Department of Agriculture are as follows :
CLASSES.
Acre*.
Bushels.
Value.
Corn
3.526,475
129,426.000
*24,590,540
Wheat
1,755.252
19,828,000
11,301,960
Rye
69.407
923,000
304,627
Oats.
700,048
24,028,000
4.565,320
Barley
177,150
3,862.000
1.274,417
Buckwheat
2,237
28.000
18,407
Potatoes
48,777
3,951.000
Tons.
1,422,337
Hay
1,994.750
2,593,175
9,102.044
The dairy interests of the State are indicated by the following
figures of the production of 1880 : 025.783 galls, of milk : 9,275,198
lbs. of butter ; and 230,819 lbs. of cheese. The number of animals
on farms in 1885 are given: Horses. 341.419. value *25,435,716;
mules, 28,827, value *2,723,641 : milch-cows, 309,106, value *9,520,-
465; oxen and other cattle. 1.535.4.57, value $37,016,528 ; sheep,
448.673, value $965,993 ; swine, 2,312.784, value *11.748,943.
Manufactures and Mining. — The number of manufacturing
establishments in the State in 1880 was 1,403. employing 4.793
hands, and a capital of *4,881,150. The amount of wages paid was
*1,743,311 ; the value of materials used. $8,208,478; the value of
products, $12,627, 336. The principal kinds of manufactures are
shown in the appended table :
CLASSES.
Capital.
Wages paid.
Value of
material.
Value of
product.
Blacksmithing
*159.595
*98,867
*121,740
*393,509
Brick and tile
130.740
150,189
102.078
349,478
Carpentering
76,105
178,605
556,467
968,402
Flouring- anil grist-mill
products
1,615,070
168,085
3.532.942
4,193,086
Liquors, distilled
200, 000
17,775
150,000
225,000
Liquors, malt
427,000
56.663
210.109
393.870
Lumber, sawed
93,375
29,313
164,878
265,062
Paints
100,000
17,000
200.000
350.000
Printing and publishing
191.250
167,438
167.860
419.461
Saddlery and harness. . .
214,230
89,039
276.464
477,364
Slaughtering and meat-
packing
330,700
64,717
1.097,839
1.359,397
Tin, copper-ware, and
sheet-iron
132,675
64,228
165,050
320,680
The development of mining interests is too insignificant at
present for notice. Tlie product of the salt-works which is not
large, though capable of great increase, is used entirely in local
consumption.
Educational.— The school fund is based on the value of sales,
leases, etc., of 2,500.000 acres, originally set apart for the purpose.
A general 2-mill tax is also imposed, and the proceeds of licenses,
fines, and dog-tax, swell the amount. The Superintendent is
elected for four years. The statistics of illiteracy in 1880 showed
7,830 w'ho could not read, and 11,528 who could not write out of a
population of 318,271 persons over ten years old. The number of
scholars enrolled in 1884-’85 was 161,918. The total expenses of
the schools were 2.918,157 : and the salaries of teachers, $1,492,346.
There were in the year above mentioned 1 .092 students at the six
colleges, which had 81 instructors, an income of $29,484, and 15,-
379 volumes in their libraries. The value of grounds, buildings,
apparatus, etc., was *434,000. The principal colleges are the
University of Nebraska, at Lincoln, a State institution, which in-
cludes Departments of Agriculture and the Mechanical Arts ;
Nebraska College, at Nebraska City : and Doane College, at Crete.
Relative Rank Nebraska is eighth in area, and thirtieth in
population. Its products in 1885 ranked it third in cattle, sixth in
barley, seventh in hay and swine, eighth in corn and rye.
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•4-hM
NEVADA.
Historical. — The region within the
limits of Nevada forms part of the Mexican
cession of 1 h im. It was organized by act of
Congress as a Territory in 1861, from a
portion of Utah, and embraced the region
bounded N. by the present boundary of the
State, E. by the 1 16th meridian, S. by the
87th parallel, and W. by California. A
portion of California which had been in-
cluded, the latter- named State refused to
transfer, and by an additional act of Con- f|
gross, in 1861, a further portion of Utali
was added, extending the E. boundary the
distance of one degree. Nevada became
a State October 81, 1864. In 1866 a third
portion of Utah was added, extending the
E. boundary to the 114th meridian, and at
the same time the portion of the State S. of
the 37th parallel was added from Arizona.
The earliest settlements were made by the
Mormons in 1848. Gold was discovered in
1849 ; but tlie rapid advance in population
dates from the discovery of silver in 1859.
Among the earliest discoveries was that of
tlie world-renowned Comstock lode. The State was the twenty-
fifth admitted under the Constitution.
Geographical.— The area of the State is 110,700 sq.m. Tlie
extreme length N. and S. in the E. part of the State is 485 in., and
on the W. boundary 210 m. The greatest breadth on the 39th
parallel is 320 m., N. of which it contracts to about 310 m.. and S:
of which it contracts to a point. There are 17 counties in the
State, and it is bounded N. by Oregon and Idaho ; E. by Utah
and Arizona, from the latter of which it is separated by the Colo-
rado River ; and S. W. and W. by California. Excepting the S. E.
portion, which belongs to the basin of the Colorado River, and a
portion in the N. E. drained by tributaries of the Snake River,
Nevada forms part of the plateau between the Wahsatch Mount-
ains and Sierra Nevada known as the Great Basin. The general
altitude of this table-land is 4,500 ft., traversed by parallel ranges
of mountains rising from 1,000 to 8,000 ft,, running N. and S. and
separated by valleys from 5 to 20 m. wide. The Sierra Nevada,
forming a portion of tlie W. boundary, reaches an elevation of from
7,000 to 13,000 ft. in height above the sea. The rivers of Nevada
are small and unnavigable, and only a few of them have outlets to
tlie ocean, some emptying into lakes, and others disappearing in
sinks or sloughs. The longest river in the State, the Humboldt,
rises in the N. E., flows W. and S. W. for 300 m., and empties into
Humboldt Sink. The Truekee flows from Lake Tahoe into Pyra-
mid Lake, a distance of 60 m. Carson River rises in the Sierra
Nevada near Lake Tahoe, and flows N. E. to the Carson Lakes.
Many of tlie lakes are unique and picturesque. Lake Tahoe is on
the W. boundary, and about a third of it belongs to Nevada. It
is 6,000 ft. above the sea, 21 m. long by 10 m. wide, and 1,500 ft. in
depth. Pyramid Lake and Walker Lake are also very deep, and
the waters, which are cold and pure, abound in trout and other
fish. In most of the rivers, and in the shallower lakes or sinks, the
waters are brackish and alkaline. Lower Carson, Humboldt,
Ruby, Franklin, Snow-Water, and Winnenmcca, are lakes of this
type. Many of the valleys and plains in the wet season become
converted into shallow lakes, which are almost impassable, and
are known as “ mud-lakes,” and, when they are dry, as alkaline
flats. These occur extensively in the N. W., central, and S. portions
of the State.
Natural Resources. — Though much of the State is compara-
tively barren, there is little of it which might not be made pro-
ductive by irrigation. Agriculture is for tlie most part carried on
in the fertile river-bottoms, and where the mountain-streams
afford easy irrigation. Wheat, barley, oats, hay, potatoes, and
most of the vegetables and fruits, yield good crops, and in the
valleys of the extreme S., corn, tobacco, cotton, sorghum, and the
semi-tropical fruits flourish. Mineral wealth is the more impor-
tant feature of the State. In the precious metals it only yields
place to Colorado, California, and Montana. It also produces
copper, lead, manganese, salt, borax, cobalt, sulphur, and mineral
pigments.
Climate.— The summers are not warmer and the winters are
milder than in the same latitudes on the Atlantic coast. Little
snow falls except on the mountains. In the N. part and in the in-
terior, the average summer temperature at noon is 90°, falling to
70° at night. In the S. E., frosts are rare in the valleys, and in
May and June the thermometer ranges from 95° to 115°. The rain-
fall is slight, the wet season lasting from January to May.
Principal Places. — Carson City, the capital and seat of a
branch U. S. Mint ; Virginia City, metropolis and chief commer-
cial city, site of the celebrated Comstock lode, which also extends
to Gold Hill ; Eureka, emporium of a rich mining region, seat of
the Eureka mine ; Gold Hill, a rich mining town.
Population. — (Census of 1880) : Total, 62,266 ; male. 42,019 ;
female, 20,247 ; native, 36,613 ; foreign, 25,653 ; white, 53,556 ; col-
ored, 448 ; Chinese, 5.416 ; Indians, 2,803. Population of leading
cities is as follows : Carson City, 4,229 ; Eureka, 4,207 ; Gold Hill,
4,531 ; Virginia City, 10,917.
Finances.— The amount of State debt at the end of 1886 was
S409.893, funded at 4 per cent. The State receipts for the year
ending Jan. 1 were $465,769, and the State expenditures for the
same time, $516,861. The amount raised by taxation was $274,026,
the rate of State tax being 90 cents on $100. The amount of taxa-
ble property, as assessed in 1885 was, real and personal, $43,526,233.
The estimated true valuation of property in 1880 was $69,000,000,
nearly double the valuation in 1870. A poll-tax of $2 is exacted
from' all citizens betwen the ages of twenty-one and sixty, and
payment is made a prerequisite of voting.
Political. — The Legislature is elected biennially, and the Gov-
28
ernor and other State officers every four
years. State, congressional, and presiden-
tial elections on the Tuesday after the
first Monday in November. The sessions of
the legislature are biennial in odd-num-
bered years, meeting first Monday in Janu-
ary, and tlie session is limited to sixty days.
Tlie number of Senators is 20, elected for
four years, and half retiring biennially ;
and tlie number of Representatives 40,
elected for two years. The number of
electoral votes is 3. and the number of
voters 31 .255. of whom the native white are
11,442, the foreign white 14,191, and the
colored 5.622. Idiots, convicts, and the in-
sane, are excluded from voting.
Educational. The latest attainable
statistics (1883-'84i give the number of
pupils enrolled in the public schools as
7.688, with an average daily attendance of
5,227. The total expenses of the school
system were $162,012, and the salaries of
the teachers $133,318. The State had in
1885 one college, with two insfructors and
thirty-three students. An act of the General Assembly has been
passed providing for an Agricultural College, Colleges of Arts and
Mines, and for a Normal School.
Agriculture The area of farming-lands, in 1880, in Nevada,
was 530,862 acres, valuation $5,408,325, but of the whole popula-
tion over ten years old (50,666), the number engaged in agricult-
ure was 4,180— less than 7 per cent. The staple crops of 1885 were
as follows :
CLASSES.
Acres.
Bushels.
Value.
Corn
842
21.000
Si"). 750
Wheat I
5.570
103.000
94,760
Oats
7.858
271,000
127,370
Barley
23.272
465,000
377,006
Potatoes
4.733
.355,000
Tons.
230.734
Hay |
150,000
135,000
978,750
The number of animals on farms in 1885 was 42,126 horses,
value $2,574,968 : mules, 1,563, value $125,052 : milch-cows, 16.841,
value $656,799 ; oxen and other cattle. 288.235, value $6,788,320 ;
sheep. 661,261, value $1,145,436 ; swine, 14,399, value $65,517.
Railroads.— The mileage of Nevada in 1885 was 945 in . and
the length of road operated. 147 m. The capital stock was $1 2.-
052,284 : funded debt, $5,355,000 ; total investment, $17,610,221 ;
cost of road-bed and equipment, $14,778,729. The gross earnings
from passengers were $38,843 ; from freights, $599,405 : total.
$667,211; net earnings, $299,129. The interest paid on bonds was
$47,500 ; and the dividends paid on stocks, $180,000.
Manufactures and Mining.— The number of manufactur-
ing establishments in the State, in 1880. was 184. employing 577
hands and $1,323,000 capital. Tlie total amount paid in wages was
$461,807 ; the value of materials, $1,049,794 : and the value of
products, $2,179,626. Some of the leading branches are appended
in a table :
CLASSES.
Capital.
W ages
paid.
Value of
material.
Value of
product.
Blacksmithing
$57,300
$71,227
$82,418
$200,595
Boots and shoes
16,840
17,670
22,410
61,677
Drugs and chemicals. .
124,000
22.230
35.175
207,160
Flouring- and grist-mill
163,000
9,975
369.117
405.089
products
Foundry and machine-
237.225
129.309
109,922
320.955
shop products
Liquors, malt
186.170
23,363
88,488
157.531
Lumber, sawed
132,000
9,892
102.810
243,200
Printing and publishing.
73.500 1
84,240
5.250
108,012
Salt
45,300
9.68S
5,800
92,640
Tin, copper-ware, and
sheet-iron ware
154,300
16,900
69,000
107.800
The yield of precious metals is tlie most prominent feature in
tlie productive wealth of the State, and its industries are largely
dependent on mining. About a quarter of the working- popula-
tion is directly interested in this branch of labor. The production
of gold in 1885 was $3,100,000 ; that of silver, $6,000,000 : total,
$9,100,000. Though Nevada has fallen off in ratio of production as
compared with other States and Territories, it is still very large,
and fresh developments are from time to time being made. The
production of the great Comstock lode is the most striking fact
in tlie mining history of the State. In 1875, the height of its pro-
duction. the different mines on the lode produced S26.023.036 in
I gold and silver : and the total amount of production since 1860,
when tlie great wealth of the lode was discovered, up to that date,
had been $199,824,364, an output unparalleled in the history of tlie
world, and more than half of the total yield of the State. The
production of the lode is now comparatively small. The output
of copper in 1885 was 8,871 lbs. : lead, 3,500 short tons : cobalt. 200
long tons : and manganese, 200 long tons. The coal and iron de-
posits are insignificant.
Relative Rank Nevada ranks third in size and. by the cen-
sus of 1880, thirty-eighth in population. It is. according to the
[ statistics of 1885, fourth in silver and total yield of precious met-
1 als, and fifth in gold.
VOL' A NIC
" A U L t- LANO
^'UW Cr.;1
ivicGarr^' Clark’*
: a
Middle
Corn
MAULAPq
HILLS
P&d'HouS
’nlafU'o
Tuscarora
^MobVs
Albion Pk.
Winnemji
jRaspberry £ CumberUu
, Cr.' | Bati
City ‘ *«
5Huihboldt <
<
lioqVille <
indewater J Jl I
7 ' Granite alt. <
/ juMt:Mos/a: ' ^
^ O cjMdler B Spruce UJ
>r /wt.
okj,by Valley . »
Franklin
JoHotSpr. f
f/^TiofsSf.
W Butte
f Luxor Pk. ,
# T,i“i w *
Oreanac/^? ^
jLoyelocks^y ^
YWIllaVc
al Hill :
)urnsS
Cherry Creek,
^Diamond
T0 Cold Or.
>urne
W ’ H I
C3 STEPTOE,
^ VALLEY
Garden Past
Still watei
m .
' Austin
Tai^City
^dHillx
oi into
I amilton,
a; Lire City <
j Cleveland
^Mineral City
o Taylor
Wheeler’s Peak
e Morgan
aEtobvAi.
Ellsworth
lone City\
Due < water
UGLAS
VShcridao^
SalkerRt^J
Twin River
(cm is G\BC
\ V A L^.
hV'dlker’s Lak,
THawthorne
Milton
Markleen
Belmont
’Gloverdale
°Hot Creek
idavillel
San Antonio
^Aurora
Bridgeport
[Olumahs
Twins
Piocht
Bui lion ville/^
»il rer Peak
Carrol Pk.
Gold Mountaii
< Worthington Pk.
Maripo.*
COLD MTS- -whiu Biuff Spr.
BunkervilleJ
;penden<
■esno
St.Josepht. \
St.Thoirias^*
Gass Pk. S&
Charleston
, Pk ■
%, Las Vegas
IVIt.Olcott
Jakersfield
Scale of Miles
County Towns ®
This type indicates a population
of 1,000 or over.
Railroads
NEW HAMPSHIRE
3y>
and most of the State officers are elected
for two years. The Supreme Court Judges
are appointed by the Governor and his
Council : term, till seventy years of age.
The number of electoral votes is 4, and the
number of voters, 105,188. Paupers and the
inmates of asylums and prisons are ex-
cluded from the franchise.
Educational. — Public schools are sup-
ported by local taxation and a tax on the
savings-banks, while some towns have per-
manent funds. The attendance is compul-
sory. The number ol pupils enrolled in
1884-‘K5 was 63,650, the average daily attend-
ance being 45,160. The total expenses were
$613,199, out of which S446.su was paid for
teachers’ salaries. Out of 280,188 over ten
years in 1880. the State had 11.9*2 who could
not read and 14.302 who could not write.
The only college is Dartmouth, located at
Hanover, which also includes the State
College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.
In 1884-'85 it had 15 instructors, 232 stu-
ff istorio. il. —One of the thirteen origi-
nal States, the first settlements were made
within the limits of New Hampshire at
Dover and Portsmouth in 1623. The district
was annexed to Massachusetts in 1041, be-
came a royal province in 1079, and wras
again annexed to Massachusetts in 1089.
It became a separate province in 1741 and
remained so till the Revolution. Indian
atrocities were frequent till ttie English
conquered Canada. It was supposed till
1704 that the present State of Vermont was
included in the province. The territory,
however, was claimed by New York ; the
controversy lasted till the independence of
Vermont was acknowledged jn 1790. In
1770 New Hampshire declared its independ-
ence and established a temporary govern-
ment of its own. It took an active part in
the Revolutionary War, and the battle of
Bennington was fought within its limits.
The Constitution of the United States was
ratified in 1788.
Geographical — The area of the State is 9,305 sq. in. The
length from N. to S. is 180 in., the extreme breadth 93 m., the
average breadth 50 m. It is divided into ten counties, and is
bounded N. by the Province of Quebec, Canada : E. by Maine
and the Atlantic Ocean ; S. by Massachusetts ; and W. by Ver- i
mont, from which it is separated by the Connecticut. River. The
State has a sea-coast of 18 m., and one large harbor, Portsmouth,
at the mouth of the Piscataqua. The characteristic topographical
feature of the State is the mountainous ridge, known as the White
Mountains, extending through the State in a direction E. of N. and
parallel to the W. border. On the W. side of this range is the
Connecticut River Valley ; on the other side, the valleys of the
Androscoggin, Saco, and Merrimac Rivers. The range really
divides itself into two groups, the Franconia on the W. and the
White Mountains proper on the E., a table-land of from 10 to
20 m. in breadth, dividing them. The principal summits are La-
fayette (5,259 ft.), Washington (6,293 ft.), Adams (5,744 ft.), .Jeffer-
son (5,714 ft.), Madison (5,365 ft,). Monroe (5.384 ft.). Franklin (4.904
ft.), Pleasant (4,764 ft.). Clay (5,553 ft.), Twins 1 1.920 ft.), Moosilau-
kee (4,811 ft.). Haystack (4,500 ft.), and Blue (4.370 ft,). Other
summits of great beauty, though less high, are Monadnock (3,186
ft.) and Kearsarge (1,943 ft.). The mountains cover an area of
I. 270 sq. m., and the average elevation of the State is 1,200 ft.
The largest river, the Connecticut, rises in the N. part of the State,
receives many tributaries, and is the W. boundary. The Merri- 1
mac, formed by. the junction of the Pemigewasset and the Win- j
nepesaukee. runs through the center of the State into Massachu-
setts. The Piscataqua River is formed by the union of the Coclie-
co and Salmon Falls Rivers, and empties into the sea at Ports-
mouth. Tlie Androscoggin in the N. E. and the Saco in the S. E.,
pass into Maine. About one sixteenth of the State is covered by
water, embracing about 1,500 streams and numerous la, lies.
Natural Resources. — Though the soil is not naturally fertile
and tiie climate is severe, most of the cereals, hay, vegetables,
tlie hardier fruits, and dairy products, afford a good yield. The
numerous rivers, particularly tlie Merrimac, broken by cataracts
and waterfalls, furnish unsurpassed water-power, and have stim-
ulated manufactures into great prosperity. Tlie lumber industry
and the fishery interests are of some value.
Climate.— The temperature is colder than that of Maine, but
more stead t. The average temperature at Concord and Ports-
mouth is 46° ; at Hanover, 43° ; and at Manchester, 49°. Differ-
ence of elevation causes a great variety of climate, as much as
25° between the valleys and higher elevations. In summer tlie
heat sometimes reaches 100°. and in winter the mercury in the
thermometer is occasionally frozen. The rainfall is from 40 to 50
in., according to elevation.
Principal Places — Concord, the capital, seat of carriage-
manufactures and stone-quarries ; Manchester, principal city,
notable for its print-works : Dover, Nashua, and Keene, centers
of extensive and varied manufacturing ; Portsmouth, seat of a
U. S. Navy-Yard and of ship-building industries.
Population. — (Census of 1880) : Total. 346,991 ; male, 170,-
256 : female, 176,465 ; native, 300.697 : foreign, 46,294 ; white, 346,-
229 ; colored, 685 ; Chinese, 14 : Indians, 08. Population of lead-
ing towns is as follows : Claremont, 4,704 ; Concord, 13,845; Dover,
II, 687; Keene, 6,784; Manchester, 32,630; Nashua, 13,397; Ports-
mouth, 9,690 ; Rochester, 5,784 : Somersworth, 5,586.
Railroads The mileage of the State in 1885 was 1.004 m., of
which 303 are operated. Tlie capital stock was $16,509,500 ; the
funded debt, $5,666,600; the total investment, $27,527,414: and
tlie cost of roads and equipment, $23,662,842. The gross earnings
from passengers were $766,984 ; from freight, $1,345,257 : from all
sources, $2,274,803 : and the net earnings, $766,438. The interest
paid on bonds was $362,810, and the dividends paid on stocks,
$849,880.
Finances.— The amount of the State debt on June 1, 1886, was
$2,926,600, funded at 6 per cent. The State receipts for the year
preceding the above-named date were $500,196.97 ; and the State
expenditures were $474,990.54. The amount raised by taxation
during the year was $400,000. Tlie amount of taxable property
as assessed in 1885 was, real. $130,298,843 : personal, $87,823,711 :
railroad, $13,536,711 ; total, $231,659,265. The estimated true val-
uation of property in the State in 1880 was $328,000,000, a per
capita ratio of $945.
Political.— The State, congressional, and presidential elec-
tions are held on the Tuesday after the first. Monday in November,
The General Assembly consists of 24 Senators, and of 321 Repre-
sentatives. both classes elected for two years. The legislative
sessions are biennial in odd-numbered years, meeting on the first
Wednesday in June. There is no limit of session. The Governor
29
dents, an income of $44,000. and 55,000 volumes in the Library.
Agriculture. The last U. S. census gave New Hampshire
3,721,173 acres of farm area : valuation, $75,834,389. The num-
ber of persons engaged in agricultural pursuits was 44.490, about
14 per cent of the working population. The number of farms was
38.121 ; tlie average value per acre of cleared land. $15 : and that
of woodland, $32. The yield of staple crops in 1885 was as follows:
CLASSES. Acres. Bushels. Value.
Corn 38,886 1,299,000 $922,290
Wheat 11.267 174,000 215.760
Oats 31,506 1.092,000 458.640
Rye 3,280 41.000 34,030
Bariev 3,475 84.000 58.141
Buckwheat 4,737 95,000 51,160
Potatoes 27.804 2.785.000 1,225,404
Tons.
Hay j 659.961 527,169 6,721,405
The number of animals on farms in 1885 was 49.1:58 horses,
value $4,074,211 : milcli-cows, 97,070, value $2,895,598; oxen and
other cattle, 136,169, value $4,264,412; sheep, 195,260, value $478,-
387 ; swine. 54,504, value $507,725.
Manufactures and Mining The number of manufact-
uring establishments in 1880 was 3,181, employing 48,831 hands,
and $51,112,263 capital. The wages paid were $14,814,793; the
value of materials used. $43,552,462 : and the value of proceeds,
$73,978,028. The principal lines of manufacturing are shown be-
low :
CLASSES.
Capital.
Wages paid.
Value of
material.
Value of
product.
Agricultural imple-
ments
$196,170
$75,068
$91,476
S212.850
Boots and shoes
1,758,290
1.882.951
4.992,400
7,619,921
Carpentering
223.228
182.238
439,657
855.372
Carriages and wagons
618,857
196.337
253,275
555,932
Cotton goods
Dyeing and finishing
textiles
Flouring- and grist-
mill products
Foundry and machine-
shop products
19,993,584
2,987,085
712,555
1,260,635
4,322,622
372,873
78,284
567.825
10,329.184
795.553
2,259.718
1,010,495
18.226,573
1.568.100
2,542,784
2,024.656
I losiery and knit goods
1,224,000
536,117
1,249.600
2,362.070
Leather, curried
351 ,850
114,679
1.824,797
2.161.734
Leather, tanned
603,450
199,146
1.732,564
2.315,616
Liquors, malt
845.000
138.719
701.523
1,265,477
Lumber, sawed
3.745.790
548,556
2.272,991
3,842,012
Mixed textiles
1,321,400
494,945
1,456,647
2,703.281
Paper
1.197,000
249,612
1,131,425
1.731,170
Stationery goods
204.800
37.050
266.897
355.015
Woolen goods
4.510,271
1.181,738
4.993.709
8.113,839
Worsted goods
2,628,504
512,881
1,582.226
2,694,232
The granite-quarries are extensive and productive, the princi-
pal ones being located at Concord. Plymouth. Manchester, Mil-
ford. Fitz william. Farmington, and Marlborough. In 1884 Maine
and New Hampshire together produced 279,018 lbs. of copper, but
the yield has fallen off very much.
Commerce.— The business of the State is for the most part
domestic. Import goods are largely received from Boston and
Portland. Portsmouth is a port of entry, and it received in im-
ports for the year ending June 30, 1886, $40,117. The exports were
trifling. There entered for the same period 79 vessels, of 8.375
tonnage, and cleared 69, of 8.049 tonnage. The number of vessels
enrolled and licensed was 7, of 388 tonnage.
Fisheries.— In 1880 the State had 414 persons employed in the
deep-sea fishing, and the capital invested in vessels, boats, nets,
wharves, etc., was $209,465. The value of products was $175,684.
The latest statistics (1886) give 20 boats, of 600 tonnage, valued at
$30,000, and employing 120 hands.
Relative Rank New Hampshire stands thirty-second in
area, and thirty-first in population. As a manufacturing State
she ranks third in cotton goods, and eighteenth in general manu-
factures (census of 1880).
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N E W
J EKBE Y.
Historical — The State of New Jersey,
one of the thirteen original States, was
originally a part of New York, and was
first settled about 1020 by the Dutch. A
patent granted by Charles II of England,
to his brother the Duke of York, in 1004,
gave the latter a claim on all the country
Between the Delaware and Connecticut
Rivers. An expedition under Colonel
Nicholls conquered the whole territory.
The portion of the province now named
New Jersey received its name from Sir
George Carteret, to whom the Duke of
York had sold his claim, in memory of
the Island of Jersey of which the former
had been governor. A constitution was
formed for it in 1605 as a separate colony.
In 1776 a State Constitution was formed,
and during the Revolution the battles of
Trenton, Princeton, Millstone, Red Bank,
and Monmouth were fought within the
State limits. The Federal Constitution
was ratified Dec. 18. 1787. the State capital
established at Trenton in 1790, and the
present Constitution Aug. 13. 1814.
Geographical — The State is bounded N. by New York, E by
the Hudson River, separating it in part from New York, and the
Atlantic Ocean, S. by the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay and
IV. by the Delaware River separating it from Pennsylvania. ' The
extreme length is 167 m„ the average breadth 50 m.,‘and the area
7,815 sq. m. New Jersey has a direct coast-line, exclusive of Dela-
ware and Raritan Bays, of 120 m. From Sandy Hook to Cape
May, the extreme southerly point, there is a narrow, sandy beach,
intersected at a few points by inlets, and separated from the main-
land by long anti narrow bays, which form an internal water
route for light-draught vessels. The Hudson River flows on the
upper portion of its E. line, separating it from New York, and
on the W. the Delaware River divides it from Pennsylvania and
Delaware. The latter-named river flows into Delaware Bay on the
S. The river system of the State is a good one. partly flowing E.
into the bays and the Atlantic, partly flowing W. into Delaware
River and Bay. The Wallkill runs N. E. into the Hudson ; the
Hackensack and Passaic flow into the N. end of Newark Bav ; the
Raritan into the bay of the same name ; the Navesink into Sandy
Hook Bay ; and the Little Egg Harbor or Mullieas River and the
Great Egg Harbor River into the Atlantic Ocean. The largest
river of Southern New Jersey is the Maurice, emptying into Dela-
ware Bay. The streams that flow into the Delaware S. of Tren-
ton are navigable for distances of from 10 to 20 m. The surface
of the State in the N. IV. portion is mountainous ; in the N. E. and
central parts hilly ; in the S. portion gently undulating or flat.
The mountains in the N. consist of two main ranges, both belong-
ing to the Appalachian system ; the Blue or Kittatinny Mountain,
near the Delaware River, known in New \Tork as the Shawangunk,
and the Highland range.
Natural Resources — The soil and climate are admirably
adapted for fruit and vegetables. All the cereal crops, potatoes,
both Irish and sweet, and hay are highly productive, and dairy-
farming is profitably pursued. The fishery industry is of notable
importance, employing many men and much capital. The min-
eral wealth of New Jersey is considerable. Many important
mines of rich iron-ore are found in the N. W. part of the State.
Climate — The elevated region in the N. part of the State is
much colder than in the S., where the influence of the ocean and
a low situation are felt. In the S., the annual mean of tempera-
ture will range between 53° and 55° ; in the N., between 48° and
50°. The annual rainfall is about 44 in.
Principal Places.— Trenton, the capital, notable for its pot-
teries ; Camden, a suburb of Philadelphia ; Elizabeth, a beautiful
residence city ; Jersey City and Hoboken, both suburbs of New
York City ; Newark, the metropolis of the State, noted for general
manufactures ; New Brunswick, a thriving manufacturing cen-
ter; Orange, a charming residence city of suburban homes;
Paterson, the second manufacturing city of the State; Atlantic
City, a watering-place.
Population — (U. S. census of 1880) : Total, 1,131,1 16 ; male,
559,922; female, 571,194; native, 909,416; foreign, 221,700 ; white,
1.092,017 ; colored. 38.853 ; Chinese, 172 ; Indians. 74. Population
of leading cities (State census of 1885) : Atlantic City, 5,477 ; Bay-
onne, 13,080 : Burlington, 6,090 : Camden. 52,884 ; Elizabeth, 32,119 ;
Hoboken, 32,271 ; Jersey City, 153.573 ; Morristown, 8,760 ; Newark,
152,988; New Brunswick, 18,258 ; Orange, 15,231 ; Paterson, 63.273 :
Trenton, 34,886. The State census of 1885 gives the State 1,278,033
inhabitants.
Commerce. — There are six customs districts, of which the
ports are Newark, Perth Amboy, Tuckerton, Great Egg Harbor,
Bridgeton, ami Lamberton. The foreign trade for the most part
passes indirectly through New York and Philadelphia. The direct
imports for the year ending June 30, 1886, were $83,663, the ex-
ports $377,654.
Fisheries.— The latest attainable statistics (census of 1880)
present the following figures : Sea-fisheries, persons employed,
4,481 : vessels and boats. 3,304 ; capital invested, $456,684 ; value
of product, $1,004,529. River and lake fisheries: persons em-
ployed, 342 : vessels and boats, 106 ; capital invested. $80,168 ;
value, $91,435. Oyster-fisheries: persons employed, 2,917: ves-
sels, 1,975 ; capital invested, $1,037,000 : bushels of oysters, 1,975,-
000 ; value, $2,080,625 : grand total, $3,176,589.
Railways. — The State mileage in 1885 was 1,920 m.. of which
1,372 m. were operated. The capital stock was $122,505,704 ; the
funded debt, $135,867,635 : total investment, $271,824,774 ; cost of
roads and equipment, $226,190,476. The earnings from passengers
were $9,063,637 ; from freights, $12,177,181 ; from all sources, $22,-
382,576 ; net earnings, $6,999,830.
30
Finances. - Tim State debt contracted
during the late war amounts, according to
the report of 1885, to $1,591,300, bonds
bearing 6 percent. About $100,000 falls
due annually. The State receipts for the
year ending Nov. 1. 1885. were $1,171,813.23,
and the State expenditures $1,168,900.46.
The amount raised by taxation for the
above-named period was $1,016,871.99.
The taxable valuation of property in
1885, real and personal, was $505,537,956.
The estimated true valuation of property
in New Jersey in 1880 was $1,493,000,000, a
per capita rate of $1 ,267. The l ate of State
lax is 25 cents on $100. A poll-tax of $1 is
levied on all citizens.
i'olitical. -The State, congressional,
and presidential elections are held on the
Tuesday after the first Monday in Novem-
ber, the first named being annual. The
General Assembly consists of 21 Senators,
elected for three years, and of GO Repre-
sentatives. elected for one year. The
meetings are on the second Tuesday in
January, with no limit of session. The
Governor is elected for three years. The Chancellor and Supreme
Court judges are appointed by the Governor and the Senate for
seven years. There are 9 electoral votes and 300,035 voters.
Agriculture.— The farming area of New Jersey in 18*0 was
2,929.773 acres, valuation $190,895,833. The number of people en-
gaged was 59,214. The staple crops for 1885 were as follows :
CROPS.
Acres.
Bushels.
Value.
Corn
350.370
11.212,000
$5,942,360
Wheat
143,097
1,395,000
1.325.250
Oats
133,451
3,556,000
1,315,720
Rye
103.588
1,140,000
741.228
Barley
257
5,000
3.752
Buckwheat
35.370
478.000
286.546
Potatoes
40,916
3,069,000 |
1,657,098
Tons. ;
Hay
519,241
493,279
8,139.104
The whole of Central New Jersey is a great market-garden,
celebrated for its fruit and vegetables, and Burlington. Ocean, and
Atlantic Counties are specially notable for cranberries. The ani-
mals on farms in 1885 were : Horses, 90,741, value $9,393,110 : mules,
9.407, value $1,123,900 : milch-cows, 171,214. value $5,882,913 ; oxeu
and other cattle, 69,248, value $2,399,115; sheep, 107,413, value
$403,851 ; swine, 193,795, value $1,618,574.
Manufactures and Mining.— In 1880 New Jersey had 7.128
manufacturing establishments, which employed 126,038 hands and
$106,226,593. The total wages paid were $46,083,045 ; value of ma-
terials, $165,280,179 ; and the value of products was $254,375,236.
The leading branches are shown in the subjoined table :
CLASSES.
Capital.
Wapes paid.
Value of
material.
Value of
product.
Boots and shoes
$1,153,390
$1,422,681
$3,069,894
$5,262,671
Boots and shoes, rubber
600.000
275,997
1,419.849
2,366,465
Carpentering
750,865
1,227,686
2,135,190
3.995.361
Cotton goods
3.961.145
1,(309,997
2.284.819
5,039.519
Drugs and chemicals .
3,830,750
598,743
3.528,204
4.993,965
Fertilizers
1,045.500
338,045
1.853,700
2,423,805
Foundry and machine-
shop products
7,4.31,421
3,432,453
6,138,852
11,282.748
Hats and caps
1,343,900
2,113,581
2,103,082
6.152.147
Iron and steel
9.099,050
1 .808,448
6,556,283
10,341,896
Leather, curried
1.983.746
762,697
7.090,270
8,727.128
Leather, tanned
1,810.050
716,599
5,262,747
6,748,094
Paper
1,830,500
472.936
1,286,282
2,015,569
Sewing-machines, etc. .
1.152,755
1.519,947
1,484,902
4,640,852
Silk and silk goods
6,952,325
4,177,745
9,678,536
17.122,230
Slaughtering and meat-
packing
1,775,200
374,278
19,349,435
20.719,640
Smelting and refining. . .
151,800
156,000
8,137.500
8.370,100
Sugar and molasses, re-
fined
2,110,000
476,216
20,794,961
22.841,258
The iron products of New Jersey in 1885 were 330,000 long tons
of iron-ore, and 73.667 short tons of pig. Zinc-ores are mined in
Sussex County, and are treated at smelting- works in Newark and
Jersey City. The brick produced were 250,000,000.
Educational The receipts from the school fund, including
the school-tax in 1885, were $2,166,453. Additional appropriations
raised this amount to $2,449,015. The enrollment in the schools
was 222,317, and the average attendance 132,017. There were
3,816 teachers, and the amount paid them in salaries was $1,836,-
756. The total valuation of school property was $6,832,926. The
State has three colleges, which in 1885 had 61 instructors, 622 stu-
dents, an income of $121,410, 75.000 volumes in their libraries, and
property amounting to $1,200,000. These are the College of New
Jersey at Princeton (one of the five principal American colleges),
Rutgers College at New Brunswick, and Burlington College at
Burlington.
Relative Rank The State stands thirty-fourth in area and
nineteenth in population by the last United States census. She
ranks first in fertilizing marl and silk-manufactures ; third in
oyster-fisheries ; fourth in iron-ore ; sixth in general fisheries and
total manufactures ; and seventh in iron and steel.
Milford
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Cape May
N E W YORK
Historical The Day of New York
and the river emptying into it were ex-
plored by Hendrik Hudson, a navigator in
the employment of the Dutch East India
Company, in September, 1009; In 1014 the
Dutch made settlements on Manhattan
Island, and the name New Netherland was
extended to all the unconquered regions
lying between Virginia and Canada. Seven
years later the Dutch West India Company
was incorporated and took possession. In
109:1 settlements were made at Albany and
on Long Island, and in 1090 Peter Minuit,
he Director-General, bought Manhattan
Island of the Indians. In 1099 the company
passed the act under which the manorial
monopolies in land were established. In
spite of Indian wars the colony grew so fast
that it came in collision with the English
on the Connecticut and the Swedes on the
Delaware River. The claims made by the
English to New Netherland on the score of
Cabot's prior discovery were finally en-
forced in the charter granted by Charles
II to the Duke of York, and the armed expedition of Col. Nicolls
in 1664. The Dutch under Gov. Stuyvesant surrendered, and New
Netherland became New York, though the Dutch reconquered
and held the province for a short period, before English rule be-
oaiur permanent. The tyranny exercised over the province by
Francis Nicholson, the lieutenant of Andros, who had been ap-
pointed to be Governor, caused the revolt in 1689 headed by Jacob
Leisler, which was at first successful, t hough Leisler was two years
later executed for treason. In 1087 began the series of French and
Indian wars in which the New York colonists bore so important a
part. The first of these closed in 1697, with the Peace of Ryswick.
The second, or Queen Anne’s War, lasted from 1709 to 1713. The
most important act in this long conflict between the French and
English for the sovereignty of North America, and the end of the
historic drama, began in 1754. The contest lasted with varying for-
tunes until the French were finally driven from their line of for-
tresses on the lakes, and the war was ended by Gen. Wolfe's expe-
dition, which resulted in the capture of Quebec and the final over-
throw of French power in Canada in 1759. The province of New
York entered zealously into the Revolutionary cause, though it
contained a large loyalist faction. Many of the most important
military operations were conducted within its limits. The two
leading battles fought were that of Long Island on Aug. 97. 1776,
whereby the British secured and held possession of New York
city till the end of the war ; and the battle of Saratoga, on Oct. 17,
1777. which occasioned the surrender of Gen. Burgoyne's army.
On Nov. 95, 1783, New York was evacuated by the British. In
1790 the conflicting claims of New York and New Hampshire were
settled by the erection of the disputed territory into the State of
Vermont. In 1797 Albany was made the capital of the State, and
slavery was abolished in 1817. During the War of 1812 the more
notable incidents within State limits were the battle of Lundy’s
Lane, on the Niagara frontier, fought by Gen. Winfield Scott, and
Commodore McDonough’s naval defeat of the British on Lake
Champlain, both in 1813. The Erie Canal, originally projected in
1800, was, through De Witt Clinton’s influence, completed in 1825.
Geographical.— The State has an area of 49,170 sq. m.. with
an extreme length of 412 m., and an extreme breadth of 311 m.
It is divided into 60 counties, and is bounded N. and N. W. by Lake
Ontario and the St. Lawrence River, and again N. by Canada
along the parallel of 40° from the St. Lawrence to the head of
Lake Champlain ; E. by Vermont, separated in part by Lake
Champlain, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean ;
S. by the Atlantic, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania ; and W. by
Pennsylvania, Lake Erie, and the Niagara River. The State has
879 m. of water front, consisting of 352 m. on Lakes Erie, Ontario,
and Champlain. 281 m. on the St. Lawrence, Poultney, Hudson,
Delaware, and Niagara Rivers ; and 916 m. on Long Island Sound
and the Atlantic Ocean. Besides New York Bay and Harbor, there
are excellent harbors on Lakes Erie, Ontario, and Champlain,
Buffalo on the former being the most important. Among the
many islands belonging to the State, the most notable is Long
Island, which runs parallel to the S. coast of New England 120 m.,
with an average width of about 20 m. The Hudson, navigable for
120 m., is the leading river of the State. It rises in the N. part of
New York and flows south into New Y'ork Bay. Its principal
affluent is the Mohawk. Other important rivers are the Oswego,
which drains the interior lakes and empties into Lake Ontario ; and
the Alleghany, Susquehanna, and Delaware Rivers, which with
numerous branches drain the W., central, and E. parts respect-
ively of the S. portion of the State. The number of small rivers
and streams furnishing excellent water-power is great. The State
is noted for the large number of beautiful lakes in the interior
and N. E. portions. Of these, Canandaigua, Keuka, Seneca,
Cayuga, Owasco, Onondaga, Skaneateles, 'Chautauqua. Otsego,
and Oneida Lakes, and Lake George, are navigated by small
steamers. Lakes Erie, Ontario, and Champlain are navigable for
vessels of any size. The mountain topography is of much inter-
est. The Hudson Highlands enter from New Jersey, their highest
point being 1.700 ft? The Adirondack range of the same geo-
logical age begins in the Mohawk Valley and covers the whole
N. E. portion of New York. The principal heights are Marcy
(5,402 ft.), McIntyre (5,201 ft.), Gothic and Basin (both 5.000 ft.),
Dix (4,916 ft.), Seward (4.384 ft.), and Santanoni (4,644 ft,). The
high mountain-region embracing these peaks, with its beautiful
lakes and primitive wilderness, has been set apart as a State park
or pleasure-ground. The continuation of the Appalachian chain
proper is seen in the Shawangunk and Catskill Mountains, the
former the continuation of the Kittatinny and Blue Mountains of
New Jersey, the latter of the Alleghany, Broad Top, Laurel Hill,
31
etc., of Pennsylvania. The latter range
entering the State from the S. W.. extends
N. E. through Sullivan, Ulster, Delaware,
and Greene Counties, culminating in the
Catskills about 8 m. from the Hudson
River. Several minor spurs project W.
from the main range. A low mountain-
range belonging to the same system,
known as the Taghanic passes along the
i E. boundary of New York, and is the con-
1 neeting link with the Green Mountains of
J Vermont. The watershed separating the
J N. and S. drainage of Western New York
1 extends through the southerly counties ;
thence E. and X. E. to the eastern State
line. The latter lake and the St. Lawrence
receive all the waters on the one side, and
the Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna, and
Alleghany Rivers, all the waters on the
other slope.
Climate. New York has a wide range
of climate. Those sections affected by the
winds from the ocean and the lakes are
more even in temperature, and suffer less
from early and late frosts. The mean temperature, deter-
mined by extended and long-continued observations, is 46 49°.
The mean annual temperature of New York city is about 50°,
ranging from a summer average of about 75° to a winter average
of about 25°. The mean length of the season of vegetation, from
the blooming of apples to the first killing frost, is 174 days, though
on Long Island it is 12J days longer, anil in St. Lawrence County
22 days shorter. The mean annual rainfall is about 50 in.
Natural Resources. — New York is generally characterized
by great fertility of soil and good climatic conditions : and con-
siderably more than half the State is cultivated. In the E. and X.,
stock, sheep, and dairy farming are pursued very largely, and in
the W. and S., the cereals, tobacco, hops, and other field-crops, are
successfully cultivated. Fruits and vegetables are important
products, and the grape-culture thrives everywhere through the
State. Long Island and the near vicinity of New York are exten-
sively devoted to market-gardening and dairy products. The
lumber industry of Northern New York is valuable, though some-
what diminishing. The fisheries are of much importance, and
employ many vessels and much capital. In mineral wealth New
York, though not prominent in any special direction, presents a
notable aggregate of products. Among these are iron, petroleum,
salt, bluestone, sandstone, slate, and other structural materials,
buhrstones, brick, mineral waters, pyrites, cement, fertilizers,
gypsum, etc. Iron-mining is confined to the E. and N. E. portions,
Oneida County being the \V. limit, and the valuable salt district is
in the center portion of the State, with its headquarters at Syra-
cuse. Petroleum is confined to the S. W. part, but the other
mineral industries are widely scattered.
Principal Places.— Albany, the capital, head of navigation
on the Hudson : New York, leading commercial and manufactur-
ing city of the United States, largest in population, and one of the
great money centers of the world : Brooklyn, important manu-
facturing place and suburb of New Y'ork . third largest of Ameri-
can cities : Buffalo, grain, shipping, and manufacturing point, one
of the most important lake-ports; Cohoes, notable for iron- and
cotton-mills ; Elmira, largest city of the southern tier : Kingston,
a city on the Hudson, active in trade and manufactures : Lock-
port.’ on the Erie Canal, known for its limestone-quarries and flour-
mills ; Long Island City, a manufacturing suburb of New Y'ork ;
Newburg, noted for its historic associations, and an active com-
mercial and manufacturing point ; Ogdensburg. a thriving city
on the St. Lawrence, and railway center; Oswego, the largest
city on Lake Ontario : Poughkeepsie, largest city on the Hudson
between New Y'ork and Albany, seat of Yassar College and other
institutions ; Rochester, notable for flour-milling, general manu-
facturing. and for its nurseries ; Saratoga Springs, one of the
most fashionable of American watering-places ; Syracuse, impor-
tant for its manufactures and salt-springs : Troy, a leading iron
and steel working city ; Utica, center of an important railway and
canal system ; Yonkers, a beautiful suburban city.
Population.— (Census of 1880) : Total, 5,082,871 ; male, 2.505,-
.322 ; female, 2,577,549 ; native. 3,871,592 ; foreign. 1.211.379 ; white,
5.016,022 ; colored, 65,104 : Chinese, 909 ; Indians, 819. The popu-
lation of leading places is as follows : Albany. 90.758 : Auburn,
21.924; Binghamton. 17.317; Brooklyn, 566,663; Buffalo. 155.1:14;
Cohoes. 19.416 ; Elmira, 20,541 : Kingston. 18.344 : Lockport. 13,522 ;
Long Island City. 17.129; Newburg, 18.049: New York. 1.206,-
299 : Ogdensburg, 10.341 ; Oswego, 21.116 : Poughkeepsie. 20.207 ;
Rochester. 89,366 ; Rome. 12,194 ; Saratoga Springs. 8.421 : Schenec-
tady, 13,655 ; Syracuse, 51,792 ; Troy, 56,747 ; Utica, .33,914 ; Water-
town, 10,697 ; Yonkers, 18,892.
Commerce.— New York city is the most important importing
and exporting center of the country. There are. in addition, seven
other ports of entry in the State : Buffalo, Cape Vincent. Cham-
plain, Niagara, Genesee, Oswegatchie, and Oswego, all being
lake-ports. The business done at all the lake-ports amounted for
the year ending June 30. 1886. to — imports. $20,234,998 : domestic ex-
ports, $5,477,961 : foreign exports, $126,809. These figures represent
commerce with Canada. The imports of New Y'ork city for the
period mentioned above were $419,338,932 ; the domestic exports,
$304,496,611 ; and the foreign exports, $9,832,800. The totals for
the State were : Imports. $439,573,930 : domestic exports. $310,-
006.572 ; foreign exports, $9,959,609. In addition to the above im-
ports at New Y’ork city, that city received $18,137,673 imports
which were transported without appraisement to other ports in
the country, and merchandise to the amount of $1,991,843 for
transit across the United States, or immediate transshipment to
other foreign countries. The entrances at the lake-ports were 6.610
vessels, of 1,082,629 tonnage ; at New Y'ork city. 5,719, of 5,558,938
NEW YORK.
tonnage. The clearances at the lake-ports were 6,405 vessels, of
1,041), 476 tonnage; at New York city, 5,100, of 5,368,835 tonnage.
The number of vessels registered, enrolled, and licensed, at New
York and Sag Harbor, were 1,057, of 357,303 tonnage ; and at the
lake-ports, 330 vessels, of 87,033 tonnage.
Fisheries. The statistics of 1880, the latest available fishery
returns of the State, show a total value of product of $4,380,505,
divided up as follows : Sea-fisheries— persons employed 3,939,
vessels and boats 1,938, capital invested $1,700,840, value to
fishermen $3,483,095 ; river ami lake fisheries— persons employed
1,088, vessels and boats 514, capital invested $157,385, value $319.-
830 ; oyster-fisheries— persons employed 3,734, vessels and boats
3,140, capital invested $1,013,000, total value as sold $1,577,050,
The value of the menhaden-fisheries is greater than that of any
other State ; in shad-fisheries New York is third, and in oysters
she is inferior only to Maryland, Virginia, and New Jersey.
ltail roads. — The mileage of the State in 1885 was 7,385 m.,
though there were 7,773 m. operated. The capital stock was $468,-
333,777 ; the funded debt, $303,740,078 ; the total investment, $903,-
813,419; the cost of road and equipment, $800,199,388. The gross
earnings from passengers were $19,371,458 ; the earnings from
freight, $46,931,070; total earnings, $70,480,687; net earnings,
$18,531,365. The interest paid on bonds was $16,116,778 ; and the
dividends paid on stocks, $7,360,474.
Agriculture.— The area of farming-land in 1880 was 33,780,754
acres, valuation $1,056,170,741. The number of people devoted to
agriculture was 377,400, about twenty per cent of the working
population. The number of farms was 341,058, the average value
of cleared land peracre $58.48, and of woodland $40.88. The statis-
tics of the production of the staple crops for 1885 (report of the
U. S. Department of Agriculture) are as follows :
CLASSES.
Acres.
Bushels.
Value.
Corn
731,196
22,448,000
$13,019,840
Wheat
687,367
10,565,000
10,142,400
Oats
1,385,425
38,676,000
13,923,360
Rye
241,661
2,658,000
1,781,042
Barley
339,922
7,478,000
5,309,582
Buckwheat
311,434
4,609,000
2.442.888
Potatoes
357,075
19,996,000
8,998,290
Hay
4,962,158
5,210,26G
Lbs.
66,430,892
Tobacco
6,733
10,234,000
1,023,916
The number of animals on farms in 1885 was : Horses, 647,845,
value $60,389,110; milch-cows, 1,510,300, value $4-1,704,880; oxen
and other cattle, 868,409, value $37,860,665 ; sheep, 1,595,834, value
$4,875,343 ; swine, 733,060, value $5,435,418. In 1880 the yield was
31,638,931 lbs. of hops; 331,965,533 galls, of milk; 111,923,433 lbs.
of butter ; and 8,362,590 lbs. of cheese. The latest reported yield
of the two latter-named products (1884) was: Butter, 116,119,847
lbs.: cheese, 117,085,542 lbs.
Finances.— The amount of State debt on Oct. 1, 1886, was
$9,327,304.87. All of this is canal debt bearing 6 per cent gold
interest and redeemable from 1887 to 1893. The amount in the
sinking-fund on the above-named date was $5,051,073.83. The
State receipts for the fiscal year ending Oct. 1, 1885, were $15,237,-
533.39 ; and the State expenditures were $15,829,134.97. The
amount raised by taxation for the fiscal year of 1886 was' $9,512,-
812.91. The amount of taxable property in 1886, as assessed,
was as follows ; Real, $2,899,899,062 ; personal, $334,783,281 ; total,
$3,224,682,343. The new corporation tax produced $1,477,723 in
1886, and it is expected to produce $2,000,000 a year in future.
The State tax of 1885, 21%es mills to the dollar, was divided as fol-
low’s : For schools, 1 mill ; for general purposes, mills. The
total true valuation of property, real and personal, in the State in
1880 w’as $7,619,000, being $1,499 per capita. There were 1,165,174
depositors in the savings-banks in 1884-’85, with deposits of $437,-
107,501.
Political — The State, congressional, and presidential elec-
tions occur on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November.
The State officers are elected for twro years, except the Governor,
Superintendent of Public Instruction,' and the Superintendent of
the Insurance Department, who are elected for three years. The
Legislature consists of 32 Senators and 128 Representatives, the
former elected for two years, and the latter for one year. The
sessions are annual, being convened on the first Tuesday in Janu-
ary, and there is no limit of time. The Court of Appeals, con-
sisting of 7 Judges, is the highest tribunal of the State, and next
is the Supreme Court, consisting of 33 Judges, divided among the
8 judicial districts. The number of electoral votes is 36, and the
number of voters 1,408,751 (census of 1880). Inmates of asylums
and prisons, and betters or bribers, are excluded from the fran-
chise.
Educational — The number of pupils enrolled in the New-
York public schools in 1884-’85 was 1,024,845, the average daily
attendance having been 611,019. The total expenses of the school
32
system were $13,580,968, out of which $8,762,950 were devoted to
teachers’ salaries. The statistics of illiteracy in the State for 1880
(U. S. census) indicated, out of 3,981,428 who were over ten years
of age. 166,625 who could not read, and 219,600 who could not
write, a remarkably small ratio. The State is richly endowed
with collegiate institutions, of which there are 27, many of them
being of excellent standing. In 1884-’85, there were 549 instructors
and 6,173 students. The income from productive funds was $582,-
783 ; that from fees, $587,943. The number of volumes in the
libraries was 388,426 ; and the total value of buildings, grounds,
apparatus, etc., was $8,618,648. The more notable of the col-
leges are as follows : Columbia College, New York city ; Cornell
University, Ithaca; Hamilton College, Clinton; Hobart College,
Geneva ; Union College, Schenectady; University of Rochester,
Rochester ; and Vassal’ College (for women), Poughkeepsie.
Manufactures and Mining. — In 1880 New York had 42,739
manufacturing establishments, employing 531,473 people and
$514,246,575 capital. The total amount paid in wages was $198.-
634,029 ; the value of material, $679,578,650 ; and the value of
products, $1,080,638,696. Some of the leading branches are shown
in the table of selected manufactures :
CLASSES.
Agricultural implements
Boots and shoes
Bread and bakery prod-
ucts
Carpentering
Carpets
Cheese and butter
Clothing, men's
Clothing, women's
Coffee and spices
Cotton goods
Drugs and chemicals
Flouring- and grist-mill
products
Foundry and machine-
shop products
Furniture
Furs
Gloves and mittens
Grease and tallow.
Hats and caps
Hosiery and knit goods . .
Iron and steel
Lard, refined
Leather, tanned
Liquors, malt
Lumber, sawed
Malt
Marble and stone work . .
Mixed textiles
Musical instruments, pi-
anos
Printing and publishing.
Ship-building
Shirts
Silk and silk goods
Slaughtering and meat-
packing
Sugar and molasses, re-
fined
Tobacco and cigars, etc.
Woolen goods
Capital.
$9,580,009
8,283,244
5,030,681
4,845,550
5,487,158
3,576,214
30,517,107
5.1 11.39(1
2,065,725
12,644,138
6,779,899
39,545.994
34,046,714
8.220.978
2.022.890
2,690,048
564,004
1,682,140
5,334,876
21,542,221
• 786,366
11,710,415
27,580,362
13,230,934
8,196,810
4,892,056
7,902,150
6,627,845
20,027,989
3,944,100
3,732,694
4,696,775
4,543,625
13,726,000
8.274,917
8,266,878
Wages
paid.
$2,513,875
6,591,833
2.612,982
5.563,901
2,882,672
623,391
18,329,466
4,196,913
380,259
2,218,121
993,556
1,587,899
14,828,342
4,997,041
1.052.242
1,245,013
178,898
1,877,123
2.036,070
4,099,451
254,883
1,819,742
3,912,798
2,162,972
513,229
3.496.242
3,049,305
3,213,481
8,059,487
2,907,129
2,730,571
2,590,025
1,020,790
1,218,212
7,671,831
1,774,143
Vralue of
material.
$4,580,010
13,800,951
13,022,040
10,317,052
4,031,422
8,848,708
52,712,947
12,577,958
6,073,482
5,627,299
6,978,755
43,226,194
20,214,369
6,749,672
3,715,761
3,404,937
6,623,526
3,335,778
5,072,058
13,395,229
14,317,826
18,014,683
19,823,853
9,119,263
7,781,359
4,055,445
6,935,558
3,579,131
9,518,171
4,055,637
6,410,261
5,331,804
40,149,850
67,273,614
11,942,043
6,212,835
Value of
product.
$10,707,766
24.991.983
19,937,953
19.410,276
8.888,479
12,295,353
81,133,611
20.314,307
7,652,672
9,723.527
9,991,259
49.331.984
44.714.915
15,210,879
5.649.122
5,718,529
7,322,970
6,464,058
9,899.540
22,219,219
14.758,718
23,652.366
35,392,677
14,356,910
9,874,098
10,189,267
13,376,380
8,084.154
27,885.376
7.985,944
11.014,820
10,170,140
43,096,138
71,237,051
24,767,504
9,874,973
The total number of people engaged in manufacturing and
mining operations in 1880 was 629,869. The mineral productions
of New York lead in importance with iron, the most extensive
mines of which are found in Essex. Dutchess, Clinton, and Orange
Counties. The product of ore in 1885, so far as can be estimated,
was 434,077 long tons, and of the production of pig-iron was 160,157
short tons. The Onondaga reservation and the Warsaw district
gave a total production of salt of 11,523,934 bushels, value $874,258.
The New York petroleum-field yielded, in 1885, 2,658,011 bbls., as
against 6,660,000 bbls. in 1882, adecline which it shares with the
great petroleum district of Pennsylvania. Other mineral produc-
tions for the same year were 3.200^000 bbls. of cement, 100,000 short
tons of fertilizers, 2,000 short tons of pyrites, 900,000,000 bricks,
250,000 long tons of bluestone, 15,000 short tons of talc, and $90,000
worth of buhr-stones. The mineral springs of the State yield a
commercial value of about $100,000 per year.
Relative Rank.— New York ranks first in population and
eighteenth in size. She stands first in foreign and domestic com-
merce, general manufactures, hay, potatoes, buckwheat, hops,
and dairy products ; second in salt : third in barley ; fourth in
miles of railway, iron-ore, fisheries, oats ; and seventh in pig-iron.
mi
NORTH CAROLINA
Historical.— In 1003 eight noblemen
received from Charles II the patent of the
province of Carolina, but a few years
prior to this settlements had been made
by Dissenters from Virginia and from New
England. Albemarle, the name given tothe
portion now North Carolina, was rapidly
augmented by settlers from Virginia, New
England, and Bermuda . In 1729 Carolina
became a royal government, all but one of
the proprietors having sold out to the
crown, and North and South Carolina were
formally declared distinct provinces. In
1705 North Carolina received large acces-
sions in parties of Irish Presbyterians,
Scotch Highlanders, and Moravians. In
1701) the Provincial Assembly declared
against the right of taxation without rep-
resentation, and in 1771 representatives
were sent to the first Continental Congress,
which adopted the declaration of colonial
rights. Scotch Loyalists, under McLeod
and McDonald, were defeated by the
Whigs or Patriots at King's Mountain in
1775, the first battle of the Revolution. In 1776 North Carolina
united with the other colonies in the Declaration of Independ-
ence, and a State Constitution was formed the same year. Aside
from partisan warfare, the only battle fought in the State was
that of Guilford Court-House in 1781, between Gen. Greene and
Cornwallis. The State seceded from the Union May 21, 1861, and
the military operations which followed were notable. The most
important were the capture of Fort Hatteras in 1861, of Roanoke .
Island and Fort Macon in 1862, and tin land and naval
assault ending in the capture of Fort Fisher in 1865.
Geographical.— The area is 52,250 sq. in., and it is 150 m.
long by 185 m. wide. It is divided into 94 counties, and is
bounded N. by Virginia ; E. and S. E. by the Atlantic Ocean ;
S. by South Carolina and Georgia ; and W. by Tennessee. The
coast-line is 400 m. long, consisting of a chain of desert islands
with occasional inlets. The coast is, for the most part, a danger-
ous one, and the only spacious harbors are at Edenton, New
Berne, Beaufort, and Wilmington. In the N. E., above Cape
Lookout, are two extensive sounds, Pamlico and Albemarle, and
a smaller one, Currituck, cut off from the ocean by the islands
above mentioned. The only outlet to these is through Pamlico,
which is 80 m. long by 10 m. to 30 m. wide. Cape Hatteras forms
the headland of the dangerous triangular island-beach, which
separates Pamlico Sound from the ocean. The rivers are numer-
ous, running N. W. and S. E., and are nearly all partially navi-
gable. The Cape Fear River is about 300 m. long, empties into
the Atlantic near Cape Fear, and is navigable for vessels draw-
ing 12 ft. to Wilmington, 34 m. The Roanoke, rising in S. Vir-
ginia, and running 250 m., empties into Albemarle Sound, and is
navigable 120 in. The Tar and Neuse, both rising in the N. por-
tion of the State, empty into Pamlico Sound, being navigable 100
to 120 m. The Chowan, which empties into Albemarle Sound,
cuts the N. E. portion. In the mountains running N. E and S. W.
which are the distinguishing feature of W. North Carolina, the
Appalachian system reaches its greatest height. The Iron or
Smoky Mountains separate the State from Tennessee. E. of this
chain is the main Appalachian range, and between the two is a
plateau from 3,500 to 4,000 ft. in height. Sugar Mountain, rising
from the center, is 5,312 ft. high ; and the Grandfather, the high-
est summit of the Blue Ridge, is 5,897 ft. The Black Mountains
are the grandest in the State, being the culminating Appalachian
group. The most noted of these are Clingman’s Peak, 6,701 ft. ;
Balsam Cove, 6,661 ft. ; Sandoz Knob, 0,612 ft. ; Hairy Bear, 6,5:17
ft. ; Cat-Tail Peak, 6,595 ft. ; Gibbe's Peak, 6,586 ; Sugar-Loaf,
0,401 ft. : Black Knob, 6,377 ft. ; Bowler's Pyramid, 6,345 ft. ; and
Roan Mountain, 6,318 ft.
Natural Resources.— On the coast rice grows well, and in-
land the soil is adapted to the cereals. Cotton is raised on the S.
border, and fruits produce luxuriantly except in the more ele-
vated regions. The pine forests of the low country ai e the seat
of a highly important tar and turpentine industry, and the fisher-
ies are valuable. Gold, silver, iron, and coal are found among
the mineral deposits. The iron interest is rapidly increasing.
Climate.— The climate is as varied as the surface. In the
low country it is warm and humid, in the mountains cool and
dry. The mean annual temperature of Raleigh is 60°. At Ashe-
ville, in the mountains, it is 54'45° : in summer, 71'7° ; and in
winter, 38'2a ; annual rainfall 45 65 in.
Principal Places.— Raleigh, capital, and seat of principal
public institutions ; Wilmington, metropolis and seaport, active
manufacturing town ; Charlotte, mining center : New Berne,
prosperous seaport, and Asheville, emporium of the mountain-
region ; Durham, center of tobacco manufactures.
Population. — (Census of 1880) : Total, 1,399,750 ; male, 687,908 ;
female, 711,812; native, 1,396,008; foreign, 3,742 ; white, 867,242 ;
colored, 531,728; Indians, 1,230; slaves in 1860, 331,059. Popula-
tion of leading towns: Asheville, 2.600; Charlotte, 7,094: Dur-
ham, 2,100 ; New Berne, 6,443 ; Raleigh, 9,265 ; Wilmington, 17,350.
Commerce.— The ports of entry are Wilmington, Edenton,
New Berne, and Beaufort. The leading exports are cotton, lum-
ber, turpentine, rosin, tar, and pitch. The total imports for the
year ending June 30, 1886, were $207,947 ; exports, $4,398,937.
The entrances of vessels were 168, of 61,240 tonnage ; and the
clearances were 193, of 72,271 tonnage.
Fisheries. — No later statistics are available than those of
10SO. The sea-fisheries engaged 1,850 hands, 1,114 vessels and
boats, and $172,800 capital, and yielded a product worth $220,745.
The, river-fisheries employed 3,204 hands, 1,217 vessels and boats,
$229,061 capital, and yielded a value of $564,950. In the oyster
industry were occupied 1,020 hands, 890 vessels and boats, and a
capital of $68,500. Total catch was worth $845,695.
Political. All election}; are held on the
Tuesday after the first Monday in Novem-
ber. The Legislature is composed of 50
Senators and 120 Representatives, elected
for two years. Sessions are bjeDnial in
odd-numbered years, convening on the
Wednesday after the first Monday in Janu-
ary, and are limited to 60 days. The Gov-
ernor and other executive officers are
elected forfour years. Number of electoral
votes, 11 ; number of voters (1880), 294, ■ 50.
Educational. — White and colored
schools are separate. The total number of
pupils enrolled in 1884-’85 was 298,166, and
the average attendance 185,578. The total
expenses were $535,205, of which $416,190
was paid to teachers. The statistics of
illiteracy in 1880 showed, out of 959,951 per-
sons over ten years, 367,390 who could not
read, and 463,975 who could not write. The
State in 1884-'85 had 10 colleges, with 64
instructors, 1,358 students, an income from
all sources of $42,620, and 38,400 volumes in
the college libraries
Agriculture. — The area of farming-lands in 1880 was 22.-
639.644 acres, valuation $135,793,602. There were 360,937 people, a
little more than one third of the worktrs, devoted to agriculture.
The number of farms was 157,609. The crops of 1885 were :
CLASSES.
Acres.
Biuhel*.
Value.
Corn
2,545,126
25,199,000
$13,859,4.50
Wheat
682.888 '
2,790,000
2,790,000
Oats
599,117
4,488,060
2,241.500
Rye
8,036
32,000
32,144
Barley
276
3,000
3,312
Buckwheat
6,156
52,000
34.012
Potatoes
20,597
1 ,250,000
Tong.
716,158
Hay
101,768
90,080 i
Pounds.
1,129,222
Tobacco
77,952
I 37,417,000
Bales.
3,966,198
Cotton
1.071,658
407,230
15.922.693
The latest available reports of other crops give 5,609.191 lbs. of
rice, and 4,576,148 bu. of sweet-potatoes. The animals on farms
in 1885 were 142,579 horses, value $10,625,804 : 86.452 mules, value
$7,192,173 ; milch-cows, 238,955, value $3,978,001 ; oxen and other
cattle, 423,619, value $4,339,469 : swine, 1,346,558, value $4,357,400.
Railroads In 1885 the mileage of the State was 2.(828 in., the
length of lines operated 1,260. The capital stock amounted to
$25,272,931 ; funded debt, $19,763,425 : total investment, $48,823,-
011 ; cost of roads and equipment. $44,800,329. The gross earn-
ings from passengers were $771,687 ; from freight, $1.863,208 :
rom all sources, $2,926,694 : net earnings, $988,099. The bonds
paid 596,278 ; and stocks, $496,977.
Manufactures and Mining. — In 1880 the State had 3.802
manufacturing establishments, which employed 18,109 hands, and
$13,045,639 capital. The total wages paid was $2,740,768 ; value of
material used, $13,090,937 ; and the value of products, $20,084,237.
Leading specific industries are added :
CLASSES.
Capital.
Wages paid.
Value of
material.
Value of
product.
Boots and shoes
$71,715
$51,202
$114,377
$237,849
Carriages and wagons . .
202.650
107.731
139,300
334,900
Cotton goods
Flour - and grist-mill
2,855,800
439,659
1,463,645
2,554,482
237.777
5,722,603
6,462,806
367,920
Leather, tanned
183.659
37,846
222.068
Liquors, distilled
176,049
20,045
167,223
255,838
Lumber, sawed
1.743.217
447,431
1,577,139
2.672.796
Paper
129.500
20,800
88,200
145,000
Printing and publishing.
95,600
63.120
55,392
179,132
Tar and turpentine
Tobacco, chewing, smok-
473,915
255,849
916,288
1,758,488
ing
1.512.900
362,859
1.252.830
2,215.154
Wlieelwrighting
05,075
34,145
47.700
136.729
Woolen goods
203,100
23,195
255,707
303.100
Before the great discoveries in California. North Carolina was
the leading gold-producing State, and up to 1878 its 3'ield had
been $10,372,492. In 1885 the gold product was $180,000, and that
of silver $5,000. The production of pig-iron was only 1.790 short
tons ; but a large amount of ore was shipped for treatment. The
bulk of this, amounting to 17,839 long tons, was taken from the
celebrated Cranberry mines. The coal interest is comparatively
undeveloped. The latest report of copper production is 1.640.000
lbs. ; of mica. 60,000 lbs. ; of phosphates, almost 50,000 long tons ;
of mineral fertilizers, 15,000 short tons.
Finances.— The admitted State debt is $12,683,045. In addi-
tion to this there are $5,168,511 of new funding bonds. $2,120,000
in old bonds still outstanding, and $1.3,000.000 disputed and unpro-
vided for. State receipts for year ending Dec. 1, 1886. were,
$835,421.03 ; State expenditures, $1,172,652.31. The amount raised
by taxation in 1836 was $691,601.03. The amount of taxable prop-
erty as assessed was, real, $124,135,377 ; personal, $77,087,340 ;
total, $201,222,723.
Relative Rank The State ranks fifteenth in population
and seventeenth in area. It stands in its productions first in tur-
pentine and its allied products ; third in tobacco ; fourth in rice ;
eighth in cotton, and eleventh in gold.
on io.
Historical. The French made the first
explorations in what is now Ohio, I .a Salle's
discoveries dating from about 1080. The
English, whose patents covered a portion
of the region which the French traders
aimed to monopolize, came in hostile con-
tact with the latter. It was in this con-
nection that Washington’s name first be-
came notable through the Braddock ex-
pedition. In 1763 Canada, and the whole
region W. to the Mississippi previously
claimed by France, were surrendered to
Great Britain. After the Revolutionary
War, the United States assumed control
over the region afterward known as the
Northwest Territory, acknowledging the
claim made by Virginia to 3,709,848 acres
near the rapids of the Ohio, and a similar
claim by Connecticut to 3,666,621 acres near
Lake Erie, which became known as the
“Western Reserve.’’ These claims were
admitted in the sense of ownership, but in
no way as question of State jurisdiction.
The first permanent settlement was made
at Marietta in 1788. The early years of the Northwest Territory
were harassed by Indian warfare, which did not cease till the
crushing defeat inflicted on them by Gen. Anthony Wayne in 1794.
In 1799 the Northwest Territory was organized, and shortly after-
ward Ohio (the name being derived from the Indian signifying
“beautiful river”) was formed into a separate territorial govern-
ment In 1803 the Territory was admitted as a State, the fourth
under the Federal Constitution. The seat of government was in
Chillicothe till 1810, in Zanesville till 131“, and in Chillicothe again
till 1816, after which the State capital was fixed at Columbus.
Geographical — The area of the State is 41,060 sq. in. Its
greatest length E. and W. is 225 m., and the extreme breadth is
200 m. It is divided into 88 counties, and bounded N. by Michigan
and Lake Erie ; E. by Pennsylvania and West Virginia : S. by W.
Virginia and Kentucky ; and W. by Indiana. The Ohio River ex-
tends along half of its E. front and the whole of the S. boundary,
having a course along the borders of the State of 43(1 m. The
lake-shore of Ohio is 230 m., giving the State in total a navigable
water-front of 666 m. The topography of the State is not strik-
ing Its general aspect is that of a plateau with an elevation of
from 300 to 500 ft. above Lake Erie, which lies 565 ft. above the
sea. The highest point is 1,540 ft. above the sea-level. The pla-
teau of the State is deeply excavated by numerous streams which
give the State an alternation of hills and valleys and a generally
rolling character. The great divide separating the drainage of
Lake Erie from that of the Ohio passes diagonally across the
State from N. E. to W., with an average altitude of 600 ft. above
Lake Erie. From the summit of the water shed the surface
slopes gradually either way, and is considerably eroded by the
draining streams. Many of these flow in valleys from 200 to 300
ft. in depth, and the Ohio River occupies an excavated trough
500 to 600 ft. below the summits of the adjacent hills. The
streams flowing S. to the Ohio, as the Mahoning, Muskingum,
Hoekhocking, Scioto, Little Miami, and Great Miami Rivers, are
the longest and deepest. The Muskingum is navigable 85 m.
from its mouth. The shorter water-shed on the N. side of the
divide is drained by the Chagrin, Cuyahoga, Rocky, Black, Ver-
milion, Huron, Sandusky, Portage, and Maumee Rivers, none of
which are navigable far from the lake. Ohio, lying on Lake Erie,
has water communication with the Atlantic Ocean through the
Erie Canal and the St. Lawrence River ; and through the Ohio
and Mississippi Rivers with the Gulf of Mexico. The lake-shore
is dotted with good harbors, such as Ashtabula, Cleveland, Black
River, Sandusky, and Toledo. The Ohio River is navigable for
light-draught steamers to Pittsburg except in dry seasons.
Natural Resources — The S. slopes of the water shed are
specially adapted for grain, and the N. slopes are suited for graz-
ing and dairy lands. The adaptability of the uplands for wheat
made the State for a long time foremost in grain-growing; and
the “Western Reserve,” in the N. E., has long been famous for
its dairy products. The bottom-lands on the rivers, rich in allu-
vium. produce splendid crops of corn. Fruit-culture has been
made a source of great profit, and in the Ohio Valley and on the
shores and islands of Lake Erie grape-growing and wine-making
are prosperous industries. The coal-measures of the State are in
the E. portion, and cover an area of 10,000 sq. m. The iron de-
posits, also in the E., are of great value, and support extensive
furnaces aud manufactures. The other mineral products are
fire-clay, gypsum, peat, salt, petroleum, natural gas, lime, hy-
draulic cement, marl, and building-stone. The quarries of sand-
stone rank among the best in the United States.
Climate.— The general climate of Ohio is healthful and pleas-
ant, and the breezes modify extreme heat in the summer. The
mean annual temperature will vary from 48° to 52° at Cleveland
on Lake Erie ; and from 53° to 57° at Cincinnati on the Ohio,
which is 2° 24' farther S, The rainfall at the former-named place
is 35 to 40 in., and at the latter 30 to 35 in.
Principal Places. — Columbus, capital, site of prominent in-
stitutions and important railroad center ; Akron, seat of flour-
ami woolen-mills, and paint-manufactures ; Bellaire, emporium
of a rich farming region in E. Ohio ; Canton, an important wheat
distributing center ; Chillicothe, emporium of the Scioto region
and active in manufactures ; Cincinnati, the metropolis of the
State, great commercial and manufacturing center : Cleveland,
most important of the lake-ports, notable for commerce and
manufactures, specially iron and petroleum : Dayton, a prosper-
ous manufacturing center, known for the production of agricult-
ural machinery, steam-engines, and cars ; Hamilton, emporium
of the Miami River region ; Mansfield, center of a rich agricult
ural country, and manufacturing town ; Newark, a prosperous
34
mining center : Portsmouth, on the Ohio
River, the entrepot of the rich mining
regions of S. Ohio and N. E. Kentucky ;
Sandusky, port of entry and active grain-
shipping point : Springfield, the heart of
(probably) the richest agricultural region
of Ohio ; Toledo, commercial and manu-
facturing city, noted for its grain interests,
and as a great railway center ; Xenia, noted
for educational and other public institu-
tions. and active in trade and manufact-
ures ; and Zanesville, heart of productive
coal and iron region.
Commerce. — There are four ports of
entry : Cincinnati. Toledo. Sandusky, and
Cleveland, belonging respectively to the
Cincinnati, Miami, Sandusky, and Cuya-
hoga customs districts. The total imports-
for the year ending June 30, 18H1 were
$2,531,903 : and the exports were $1,363,968.
in this aggregate no exports are credited
to Cincinnati, the bulk of the amount hav-
ing been from Toledo, one of the leading
lake grain-shipping ports. The entrances
at the three lake-ports for the period named above were 831 ves-
sels. of 137.171 tonnage : and the clearances were 945 vessels, of
180.027 tonnage. The number of vessels registered, enrolled, and
licensed was 257. of 192.116 tonnage
Population. (Census of 1880): Total, 3,198.062 ; male. 1.613,-
5)31 ; female. 1,584.126: native. 2.803.119: foreign, 394,943; white,
3,117,920; colored, 79,5)00 ; Chinese, 109; Indians, 130. The popu-
lation is distributed among important places as follows : Akron,
16.512; Bellaire, 8.025: Canton. 12.258: Chillicothe. 10,938; Cin-
cinnati, 255,139; Cleveland. 160,146; Columbus, 51.647 : Dayton,
38.678; Hamilton, 12.122; Mansfield, 9,859 ; Marietta. 5,444 ; Mas-
sillon, 6,836; Newark, 9,600; Portsmouth. 11.321: Sandusky. 15,-
838 ; Springfield, 20,730 ; Steubenville, 12,093 : Toledo. 50,137 ;
Xenia, 7,026 ; Youngstown. 15,435 : Zanesville. 18,113.
Agriculture.— The State in 1880 had 24,529,226 acres, valua-
tion $1,127,497,353, devoted to agriculture. Of the population,
397,495 people were interested in fanning pursuits. The number
of farms w as 247,189 ; the average value per acre of cleared land,
$47.53: and the value of forest-land. $41.37. The returns of the
staple crops for 1885, as estimated by the U. S. Department of
Agriculture, are given below :
CLASSES.
Acres.
Bushels
Corn
3.017.464
1 1 1 .865.000
Wheat
2,018,952
20.593.000
1,003 680
37,470,000
389.000
Rve
35.394
Barley
40,583
832.000
Buckwheat
12.995
182,000
Potatoes
166.035
12,453.000
Tons.
Hay
2.499,000
2.748,900
Tobacco
36.703
33.667.000
Value.
$35,796,
18,739,
10,116.
233.
557.
118.
4,856,
31.447.
2.127.
800
'.K)0
600
40K
255
.524
416
306
Other statistics for the year 1884, drawn from Ohio Slate re-
ports, give 667,558 lbs. of broomcorn ; flax. 131,524 bus. of seed,
and 3,454,493 lbs. of fiber : dairy products, 14,942.034 galls, of milk.
50,310,503 lbs. of butter, and 21,291,278 lbs. of cheese : 502.875 galls,
of sorghum: maple, 1,807,701 lbs. of sugar, and 591,432 galls, of
sirup; 1,731.095 lbs. of honey; 35,058.240 doz. eggs: vineyard
products, 20,895,563 lbs. of grapes, and 938,671 galls, of wine. The
value of the orchard products, apples, pears, peaches, cherries,
and plums, was $7,221,251. The number and value of animals on
farms in 1885 were, horses, 753.680. value $59,659,185 : mules, 23.-
999, value $2,104,238 : milch-cows, 775.724, value $23,682,854 : oxen
and other cattle, 1.017,820, value $27.414.996 ; sheep, 4,753,034,
value $9,918,156 : swine, 2.442,457, value $11,720,864.
Railroads.— The length of railway mileage in 1885 was 7.327
m., and the miles actually operated were 8.947. The capital
stock was $380,752,088 : the funded debt. $339,044,959 : the total
investment, $767,153,007 ; and the cost of road bed and equip-
ment, $701,896,529. The roads earned from passengers. $15,017,-
974 ; from freight, $43,908,247 : total. $64,155,144. The net earnings
w ere $18,309,018 : interest paid on bonds, $12,364,594 : dividends
paid on stocks, $4,634,502.
Finances The amount of funded State debt on Nov. 15.
1885, was $3,720,229.19 ; the amount of canal debt, payable after
Dec. 1, 1860, at 6 per cent. $2,276,214 ; sundry small loans, bearing
4 per cent interest, maturing 1885-'88. was $1,475,000. The amount
in sinking-fund. Nov. 15. 1885. was $130,236.27. The State receipts
for the year ending Nov. 15, 1885, were $5,076,530.47 ; and the State
expenditures for the same period were $5,530,209.43. The amount
raised by taxation in 1885 was $4,621,373.24. The amount of tax-
able property as assessed in 1885 was : Real. Si. 160,165. 882 ; per-
sonal, $509,903,986 : total, $1,070,079,868. The rate of State tax
was 29 cts. on $100. In addition to the State tax there were
levied, in 1885, county taxes, $8,527,843; city taxes, $7,771,601:
school taxes, $7,711,019; township taxes, $1,152,015; total taxes
for all purposes, $33,944,828. The debts of all counties, cities, and
towms in 1885 amounted to $53,290,398. The estimated true valua-
tion of property in Ohio in 1880 was $3,301,000,000. The amount
of money in the savings-banks in 1885 was $12,605,008. represent-
ing 34,836 deposits. The number of national banks in the State in
the year 1885 was 208, with a capital of $36,933,664, and a total or
actual value of $45,336,044.46.
Political. — State, congressional, and presidential elections
take place on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in Novem-
ber. The Legislature consists of 33 Senators and 105 Representa-
omo.
tives, both classes elected for two years. The sessions are bien-
nial, convening on the first. Monday in January, without limit of
time, but adjourned sessions practically make 'them annual. All
ttie executive officers are chosen for two years except the Audi-
tor, whose term is four years, and the Commissioner of Common
Schools and Superintendent of the Insurance Department, whose
terms run three years. The number of electoral votes is 15 ; and
the number of voters is 826,577 (census of 1KH0>.
Manufactures and Milling. -The U. S. census of 1880 gave
Ohio 30,699 manufacturing establishments, employing 188,609
hands and $188,98!), (ill capital. The total amount of wages paid
was $63,108,000 ; the value of material, $315,098,036 ; and the value
of products, $348,305,390. The leading branches are added :
CLASSES.
Capital.
Wages
paid.
Value of
material.
Value of
product.
Agricult’l implements. .
$16,111,576
$2,981,065
$7,243,326
$15,479,825
Boots and shoes
2,285,927
1,826,524
3,684,621
7,055,003
Hriek and tile
2.733,528
1,114,133
1,185,794
3,481,291
Carriages and wagons.
4,234,481
2,610,268
5,416,656
10,043,404
Clothing, men’s
8,651,094
4,136,382
12,043,020
20,008,398
Flour, etc
12,338,847
1,221,494
34,157,024
38,950,264
Fo'ndry, machine-shops
12,770,649
5,105,596
8,407,972
18,242,325
Furniture
4,417,076
2,080,243
2,694.602
6,865,021'
Iron and steel
25,141,294
8,265,070
23,997,915
34,918,360
Leather, tanned
2,022,990
373,595
3,247,592
4,357,273
Liquors, distilled
4,813,135
406,197
4,533,049
6,692,736
Liquors, malt
8,178.545
1.184,125
5.110,587
9,125,014
Lumber
7,944.412
1 ,708.300
8,896,106
13,864,460
Paper
4,804.274
839,231
3,024,068
5,108,194
Slaughtering, etc ......
5,487,682
633,044
17,173,446
19,231,297
The coal-fields of Ohio rank third in importance among the
States, working 844 mines and 19,704 men (1885). The total yield
in 1885 was 7,810,179 long tons. Excluding the amount used in
local and colliery consumption, the value of this at the mines was
$8,300,988. The production of coke was 89,416 short tons. Petro-
leum in 1885 yielded 700,000 bbls. In pig-iron Ohio only gave way
to Pennsylvania, the output of the furnaces having been 553,963
short tons. The returns of iron-ore mined in 1885 give 359,581
long tons. The salt production was 306,847 bbls., valued at $199,-
150. Other mineral productions for the year 1885 were about
300,000 bids, of cement; 18,000 short tons of mineral fertilizers ;
153,756 short tons of fire-clay ; $500,000 worth of grindstones ; and
1,116,375 short tons of limestone.
Educational. — In 1885 there were 11,115 school-houses in the
State, with a valuation of $37,969,757. Out of 1,095,469 xiersons of
school age. there were 774,660 enrolled in the schools, and an
average daily attendance of 517,569. There were 34,638 teachers
employed, and the income from all sources for the support of
public schools was $13,628,709.33. The total expenditures were
$10,093,938.17. The amount paid to teachers was $6,035,688.58.
There were 33 colleges in the State, with 462 instructors, and 6.384
students. The income from funds was $319,390, and the receipts
from tuition fees, $123,637. The number of volumes in the pub-
lic libraries was 194,946 ; and the total value of grounds, build-
ings, apparatus, etc., $3,537,867. The more important institutions
are — Antioch College, at Willow Springs ; Baldwin University,
at Berea ; Wesleyan College, at Cincinnati ; Heidelberg College,
at Tiffin : Hiram College, at Hiram : Muskingum College, at
New Concord : and Oberlin College, at Oberlin.
Kelative Bank Ohio ranks third in population, twenty-
fourth in size, second in pig-iron and petroleum ; third in steel,
coal, salt, and wool : fourth in iron-ore, horses, and hay ; fifth
in general manufactures, and seventh in wheat.
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OREGON.
Historical. — The original region
named Oregon was the whole province
claimed by the United States on the Pacific
coast, extending from iat. 42° to 54° 40' N.
Until 1810 joint possession was held by
Great Britain and the United States, and
then the latter, by the N. W. boundary
treaty, abandoned all claim to the country
N. of the 49th parallel, and the name Ore-
gon was restricted to the region S. of that
fine, which was given up by Great Britain.
The first accurate knowledge of the Terri-
tory was brought back by Capt. Robert
Gray, an American navigator, who entered
the mouth of the Columbia River in 1492,
and gave the name of his ship to it. The
sale of Louisiana to the United States, in
1803, endowed this country with a title of
ownership, and the expedition of Lewis
and Clarke, in 1804— 'tj, strengthened the
claim. Though a trading-post was estab-
lished in 1811, by the Pacific Fur Company,
under the Astor rei/ime, at the mouth of the
Columbia River, the region was mostly in-
habited by Indians and the employes of the Hudson Bay Fur
Company until the active emigration of Americans, between
1833 and 1850, introduced a new element. The territorial organ-
ization took place in 1848. In 1853 Washington Territory was
instituted out of the region N. of the Columbia River on the W.,
and of the 46th parallel on the E. In 1858 Oregon was admitted
as a State, the twentieth under the Constitution.
Geographical.— The area is 96,030 sq. m., the average length
E. and W. being 360 m., the average breadth about 260 m. The
State has 23 counties, and is bounded N. by Washington Territory,
from which it is partly divided by the Columbia ; E. by Idaho,
from which the Snake River partly separates it : S. by'Nevada
and California ; and W. by the Pacific Ocean. There is a coast-
are Mt. Hood (11,225 ft.), Mt. Jefferson (10,200 ft, ). the Three Sisters
(9,420 ft.), Diamond Peak (9,420 ft.), and Mt. McLaughlin (11,000
ft. ), all extinct volcanoes, and crowned with perpetual snow. The
Coast Range runs N. and S., about 25 m. from the coast, and rises
from l,00o to 4,000 ft. Western Oregon, about one third of the
State, is broken up by transverse chains into districts varying in
soil and climate— the Willamette Valley (the garden of the'State),
the Umpqua Valley, and the Rogue River Valley. Eastern Oregon
consists of undulating table-lands, traversed from N. E. to S. W.
by the Blue Mountains, which throw off many spurs, marked by
steep canons, and dividing the country into deep valleys. They
have an average elevation of 7,000 ft., and the minor ranges in
S. E. Oregon rise from 1.000 to 4,000 ft. The Columbia River forms
the N. boundary of the State for 300 m., and is navigable for light-
draught steamers the whole distance, with the exception of two
portages, and for ships 115 m. The Willamette, which joins it
from the S. W. of the Cascade Range, is navigable 126 m. from its
mouth. The Rogue and Umpqua Rivers, flowing from the Cas
cade Mountains into the ocean, are about 200 m. long, and the
latter offers 90 m. of navigation. The more important rivers of
Eastern Oregon are the Snake, forming part of the E. boundary,
with its various tributaries, and navigable above the mouth of the
Powder River; the Deschutes, an affluent of the Columbia from
the S., about 200 m. long ; and John Day’s River, which flows N.
250 m., and also empties into the Columbia. Eastern Oregon is
dotted with small lakes in its S. portion. There are several pass-
ably good harbors on the coast, S. of the Columbia River, but this
noble stream furnishes the only perfectly secure havens.
Natural Resources — Nearly all the State is suited for stock
and dairy farming, and Western Oregon produces luxuriant crops
of wheat, oats, and barley. Fruits and vegetables yield abun-
dantly and of excellent quality. The rivers abound in salmon,
the catching and canning of which constitute a very valuable in-
terest, The timber and lumber industry is of great magnitude.
Oregon’s mineral wealth lies in gold, silver, copper, limestone,
building-stone, coal, and iron.
Climate.— In Western Oregon the climate is moist and equa-
ble, and in Eastern Oregon dry and variable. The mean annual
temperature of the former section is about 53°, though varying
widel in the season at different localities. The winter ranges
from 35° to 50°, and the summer from 60° to 75°. The annual rain-
fall in this section is from 40 to 60 in. In Eastern Oregon the rain-
fall is from 15 to 20 in., and the temperature varies from 15° to 20“
in either extreme from that of the region W. of the Cascades.
Principal Places. — Salem, capital ; Portland, metropolis, on
the Willamette River ; Astoria, seaport, at the mouth of the Co-
lumbia ; Baker City, mining emporium of Eastern Oregon.
Population — (Census of 1880) : Total, 174,768 ; male, 103,-
381; female. 71,387; native, 141,265; foreign, 30,503; white, 163,-
075 ; colored, 487 ; Chinese, 9,510 ; Indians, 1,694. The leading
places are as follows: Salem, 1.238; Portland. 17,577; Astoria,
3,981 ; Baker City, 1,258: Dallas City, 2,232. The State census of
1885 claims a population of 194,150.
Commerce.— Portland, Astoria, and Coos Bay are ports of
entry. The main exports are wheat, flour, lumber and ship-
timber, and canned salmon. The total imports for the year end-
ing June 30, 1886, were $554,829 : domestic exports, $7,057,758 ;
foreign exports, $3,901. The entrances of vessels were 129, of 129,-
387 tonnage ; and the clearances were 203, of 224.084 tonnage. The
number of steam- and sail-vessels registered, enrolled, and licensed
was 132, of 42,517 tonnage.
Fisheries Though most of the large rivers of the Pacific
coast are noted for salmon, the Columbia is the only one on which
a great industry has been developed. The fishery is being rapidly
36
extended on the Willamette, Umpqua, and
Rogue Rivers. There are about 70 fishing
stations and canneries, and upward of
83.000,000 invested. The product in 18811
was 630,000 cases, value $2,976,000. The
value of the product of 1886 is estimated at
about $2,500,000.
Railroads. The mileage of 1885 was
1,181 m.. of which 987 m. was operated.
The capital stock was $47,089,000 ; funded
debt, $27,249,000 ; total investment, $82,-
465,81 1 ; cost of road and equipment, $64.-
401.049. The gross earnings from passen-
gers were $1,400,505 ; from freights, $3,-
043,969 ; total, $5,040,076 ; net earnings, $1.-
674,826. The interest paid on bonds was
$529,165, and the dividend paid on stocks,
$1,080,000.
Political — The executive officers of
the State are elected every four years, and
the Legislature biennially. There are 30
Senators and 60 Representatives, the former
elected for four years and the latter for
two. The sessions are biennial and limited
to 40 days, meeting in odd-numbered years, on the first Monday
in January. The number of electoral votes is three, and the num-
ber of voters 55,403 ( State census of 1885).
Agriculture.— The area of farming-lands in 1880 was 4.428,712
acres : valuation, $56,908,575 : and the number of people engaged
in agriculture was 27,091. The number of farms was 16.217: the
average value per acre of cleared lands was $21.71 ; of woodland,
$4.50. The crops in 1885 were as follows :
CLASSES.
Acres.
Bushels.
Value.
Corn
6,479
148,000
$103,600
Wheat
876.102
13,916,000
9,602,040
Oats
193,397
5,798,000
2,145.260
Rye
1,338
20,000
15,053
Barley'
34,845
704,000
344.896
Buckwheat
561
6,000
3,703
Potatoes
12,587
1,322,000
Tods.
475,789
Hay
357,000
446,250
3,860,063
Reports of other products of the same year, by the State census
of 1885, are. 3.287,923 lbs. of butter and cheese ; *14.262 bu. of flax-
seed : 13.207 lbs. of tobacco ; 2,547.378 lbs. of hops : and 2,005.373
bu. of apples. The number of animals on farms was ; Horses,
159,786, value $8,309,155 ; mules, 3.005, value $193,550 : milcli-cows,
73,342, value $1,986,511 ; oxen and other cattle, 606,835, value $14.-
397,777; sheep, 2.469,511, value $3,618,139; swine, 191,600, value
$538,281 . The wool-clip was 9,165.830 lbs., and the lumber market-
ed 169,135,726 ft.
Manufactures and Mining The number of manufact-
uring establishments in 1880 was 1,075, employing 3,424 hands,
and $6,284,250 capital. The amount of wages paid was $1,636,666 :
the value of materials, $6,933,336 ; and value of products, $10,879,-
982. Some of the leading branches are given in detail :
CLASSES.
Capital.
Wages paid.
Value of
material.
Value of
product.
Blacksmithing
$120,225
$63,190
$102,118
$311,450
Boots and shoes
75,405
49,717
111.991
238,887
Carpentering
27,500
88,498
222,903
341,339
Flouring- and grist-
mill products
1.286.200
139.882
121.911
352.300
Furniture
206.050
65.910
91,325
227,303
Liquors, malt
287.500
24.961
92,409
167,681
Lumber, sawed .
1,577,875
242.154
1,331.342
2,030.463
Saddlery and harness.
190,095
63,767
222,350
385.350
Tinware, copperware.
and sheet-iron
233,150
64.006
151,475
311.650
Woolen goods
566,800
86,088
227,486
549,030
The gold production of 1885 was $800,000. The pig-iron pro-
duced was only 3,832 short tons, and the coal mined 125.000 long
tons. Though* the State is rich in a variety of mineral products,
the statistics of production are scattered aiid untrustworthy, and
do not show notably except as above-mentioned.
Finances.— The amount of the State debt is $110,000. The
State receipts for the year ending Dec. 31, 1885, were 8227,996.38 :
the State expenditures for the same period. $277,996.38. The
amount raised by taxation in 1885 was $239,279.96. The amount
of taxable property as assessed in 1885-'86 was $79,128,778. The
rate of State tax in the year above-named was 31 cts. on $100.
The total true valuation of real and personal property' in 1880 was
$126,000,000, a per capita rate of $721.
Educational.— State reports of 1885-’86 give 1,371 organized
school districts in the State ; 49.176 pupils enrolled in schools, with
an average daily attendance of 35,245. The number of teachers
employed was 1*861. The amount paid teachers was $375,158.49 ;
the total amount of school funds. $901,272.26 : and the total value
of school propertv, $1,239,998. The State has 7 collegiate institu-
tions, which in 1885 had 45 instructors and 917 students. The in-
come was $45,850 ; the number of volumes in the college libraries,
10,730 ; and the total value of grounds, buildings, apparatus, etc.,
$3,537,867. The principal of these institutions are Pacific Univer-
sity, at Forest Grove ; Willamette University, at Salem ; and
Christian College, at Monmouth.
Relative Rank. — Oregon ranks fifth in area and thirty-sixth
in population (census of 1880). She stands first in salmon-fisheries,
fifth in wool, and lumber, eighth in gold, and tenth in wheat.
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PENNSYLVANIA.
Historical.— Delaware River and Bay
were first explored under the auspices of
the Dutch East India Company, from 1601
to 1634, and military jurisdiction was estab-
lished. Till 1664 they continued in posses-
sion of both sides of the bay without much
colonization, though a Swedish colony set-
tled at Chester, on the W. bank of the
fiver, in 1668, where their industry and
peacefulness prefigured the characteristics
of the Quakers, who were to come later.
Under a charter given by Charles II, in
1681, the region W. of the Delaware was
granted to William Penn, the Quaker, who
colonized it and founded Philadelphia in
1083. Under this grant was included Dela-
ware, and the whole region was ruled un-
der the same proprietary until 161)9, when
a separate Legislature, though not a sepa-
rate Governor, was allowed to this section
of the province. This union lasted fill
1876. The litter of the Penn charter in-
cluded territory already covered in the
vague grants made to the New England
colonies, Virginia, and Maryland. All the
boundary-lines, however, were easily settled, except that separat-
ing Pennsylvania ami Maryland, which was not defined until the
completion of the Mason and Dixon Survey, in 1767. The original
Swedish immigrants readily coalesced with the Quaker colonists,
and the remarkable thrift of the people, combined with their
peaceful Indian policy, soon made Pennsylvania a flourishing
region. Large additional bodies of immigrants, Scotch-Irish be-
tween 1715 and 1735, and Germans from 1730 onward, rapidly
swelled population and wealth. The government instituted by
William Penn remained in force till 1776, when the province joined
the other colonies in the fight for independence, and a provisional
Constitution was made by a convention presided over by Benja-
min Franklin. Philadelphia was occupied by the British forces
from September, 1777. to June, 1778. All the earlier sessions of
the Continental Congress were held in this city. The battle of
Germantown was fought, within the present chartered limits of
the city in 1777. From 1790 to 1800 it was the seat of the govern-
ment of the United States. In 1790 a new State Constitution was
formed. In 1794 occurred the disturbance known as the “ Whisky
Rebellion ” in the western part of the State, growing out of oppo-
sition to tluj excise laws. In 1799 the seat of the State government
was removed to Lancaster, and thence in 1$12 to Harrisburg,
which still remains the capital. In 1863, during the late civil war,
the State was threatened with invasion by the Confederates, but
the tide of attack then stopped with invading Maryland. In 1863
General Lee carried out his interrupted purpose, and overran the
S. portion of the State to within a short distance of Harrisburg.
On his retreat General Meade joined battle with him at Gettys-
burg. near the Maryland line. The battle, beginning July 1st,
lasted three days, resulting in the Confederate defeat. This Fed-
eral victory was probably the important turning-point of the war.
As the seventh in the geographical order of the original States,
Pennsylvania has got to be known as the “ Keystone ” State.
Geographical.— The State has an area of 45,315 sq. m., the
extreme length being 313 m. E. and W., and the greatest width
176 m. In shape it is a nearly perfect parallelogram, the varia-
tions being a small addition on Lake Erie, giving it a port and
access to navigation, and an irregular E. boundary, following the
curves of the Delaware River. The State is divided into 67 coun-
ties, and is bounded N. by Lake Erie and New York ; E. by New
York and New Jersey, from which it is separated by the Delaware
River ; S. by Delaware, Maryland, and W. Virginia ; and W. by
West Virginia and Ohio. The surface of the State is level in the
S. E., hilly and mountainous in the interior, and generally rolling
or broken in the W. The S. E. counties are but little elevated
above the sea-level, but in proceeding W. and N. a series of paral-
lel ridges, from 1,500 to 3,500 ft, high, make a gently curving belt
across the State, from N. E. to S. W., from 50 to 80 m. wide, and
200 m. long. The first of these ridges, called the South Mountain,
is a continuation of the Blue Ridge of Virginia ; and the 'last,
the Alleghany Mountain, is the highest, the slope thence being
continuous toward the Ohio. The State skirts Lake Erie at an
elevation of 1,000 ft, above the lake, which is about 650 ft. above
tide-water. The Susquehanna River drains portions of the high-
lands, through tortuous canons 1,000 ft. deep, and Hows in a valley
which, on the E., is contiguous to the anthracite-coal mountains,
and on the W. adjoins the? mountainous wilderness through which
the Juniata River and its branches break by numerous gaps. The
anthracite-coal mountains form an elevated plateau, called the
Pocono Mountain, which is continued as the Catskill Mountains to
the Hudson. The Delaware River flows through this plateau in a
deep canon. Each one of the Appalachian ridges has a separate
name, though belonging properly to the Alleglianies. Negro,
Chestnut, and Laurel ridges are W. of the Alleghany backbone,
and pass out of the State at the S. W. into Maryland and Virginia.
The W. slopes of the Alleghany Mountains are arable, even at an
elevation of 1.800 ft., but the ridges on the other side are too ab-
rupt for cultivation. In central Pennsylvania the valleys corre-
spond to the mountain-ridges, and are transversely crossed by the
greater rivers on their way to the sea. Chester Valley in the S. E.,
Lebanon Valley in the E., Wyoming Valley in the N. E.. Penn’s
and Juniata in the center, Cumberland in the S., and Monongaliela
in the S. W., are the principal, besides various deep and narrow
valleys in the mountains. The Delaware River, forming the E.
boundary of the State, is navigable for large steamers to Trenton.
132 m., and for the largest ships to Philadelphia. It breaks through
the Kittatinny Mountains, at the Delaware Water-Gap. The Sus-
quehanna, the main branch of which rises in New York, drains
the central part of the State, and runs S. in long zigzags to Chesa-
37
peake Bay. It is broad and rapid, but not
navigable for steamboats. Canals follow
its banks. The W. branch of the ri ver is
300 m. long, and breaks through the
Alleglianies, joining the main stream at
Northumberland. The Ohio River and its
branches, the Alleghany and the Monon-
gahela, drain the W. part of the State.
The Alleghany has a length of 250 in.
within the Slate, and runs S. W. and S. E. ;
and the Monongaliela. rising in Virginia,
runs N. within the State to Pittsburg, 80
m. Both are navigable for steamboats
about 60 m. The Ohio, below the point of
junction, is a great steamboat thorough-
fare. The other important rivers are the
Juniata, a tributary of the Susquehanna;
and the Lehigh and Schuylkill, affluents of
the Delaware, all having canals and lock-
navigation. The Lake Erie border is 45 rn.
long, with an excellent harbor at Erie.
Climate.- The climate is hot in sum-
mer in the S. and E., and very cold in winter
on the Alleghany, central, and N. uplands.
In thelatter regions hardly a month passes
without frost, and in the winter the thermometer not unfrequentlv
shows -25°. Along the Delaware in the summer months the tem-
perature frequently ranges between 90° and 100°. The valleys of
the Susquehanna and its branches, with their many transverse
gorges, possess a delightful climate, free from extremes. The
average rainfall varies from 36 to 45 in., according to locality.
Vegetation is about a week earlier than in New York.
Manufactures and Mining.— The number of manufacturing
establishments in 1880 was 31.225, employing 387.112 hands, and
$474,499,993 capital The total amount of wages was $134,055,304 ;
the value of materials, $462,977,258 ; and the value of products.
$744,748,045. The leading branches were as follows :
CLASSES.
Capital.
Wages paid.
Value of
material.
Value of
product.
Agricultural imple-
ments
$3,452,923
$898,608
$1,788,420
S3. 683.212
Blacksmithing
2,236,418
1,014,454
1,542,876
4.324,460
Boots and shoes
5,399,228
3,757,957
7,016,204
13.246.250
Bread and bakery
products
3.918,053
1,315.677
5,263.591
8.448.474
Carpentering
2.314.519
2,072.580
4,621,380
8,125,571
Carpets
7.210,483
3.035.91 1
8,992,385
14,304.660
Carriages, etc
3,627,023
1,584,035
2,059.819
4.670.723
Cars, railroad, street,
etc
2.946,912
1 ,352,299
6.032,114
8.082.272
Clothing, men’s
10.816.472
5.127.682
15,332.253
23,821,887
Coke
4,262,525
983,431
2,241.154
4,190.136
Cotton goods
15,490,735
4,683,617
12,500,217
21,640,397
Drugs and chemicals.
11,680,812
1,300.23s
8.245.297
13,092,803
Dyeing and finishing
textiles
3,884,846
1,041,309
2.398,396
0.259.892
Flouring- and grist-
mill products
20,238,610
1,105,939
36,291,933
41.522,662
Foundry and machine-
shop products
28,982,140
10,293,821
17,636.353
35,029,673
Furniture
5,445,940
2,090,088
3,725,989
7.588.229
Glass
7,639,706
3,897,306
3.350,660
8,720,584
Hosiery and knit goods
3.743,790
2,175.913
4.924,138
8,935,147
Iron and steel
107,304,782
25,095,850
92.267,030
145,576.268
Leather, tanned
15,608,635
1,967,946
19.716.236
27.042,068
Liquors, malt
12,073,068
1,200,289
5,765,837
10.124.238
Lumber, sawed
21,418,588
2,918,459
13,955,430
22,457,359
Mixed textiles
11,536,618
4,223,662
12,202,028
20,882,764
Printing and publish-
ing
8,962.320
3,274,969
4.157,045
10.227.893
Ship-building
5,797,731
2,279.629
3,610.367
6.089,410
Slaughtering and
meat-packing
2,938,625
242,077
8,854,778
9.908.545
Sugar and molasses,
refined
6,072,400
474,017
21,943,943
24,294.929
Tobacco, cigars, and
cigarettes
2,934.819
1,885,530
3,144,977
6,906.603
W oolen goods
18,780,604
5,254.328
21,185,804
32.341,291
Worsted goods
4,959,639
1,473,958
7,277,489
10,072.473
The anthracite coal-fields of Pennsylvania, lying in the E. part
of the State, cover about 1.700 sq. m. The product of 1885 was
32,265,421 long tons. The bituminous coal-fields lie in the W. and
S. W., and yielded during the same year 23.214,285 long tons. The
total value of the coal product at the mines was $96,974,544. In
pig-iron the output was 2.445.496 short tons, more than half the
total production of the country. The production of petroleum-oil
was 18,118,030 bbls The natural gas yielded and utilized in the
State during 1885 displaced 3.000, (WO short tons of coal, and was
valued at $4,500,000. The total value of the coke was $4,981,656.
The State produced 350,000.000 brick ; 299.505 squares of slate,
valued at $304,832 : 70.000 short tons of fertilizers ; and 1,350 short
tons of feldspar. Other less important products, for which figures
are only vague and scattering, are bromine, one of the by-products
of salt ; bulir stones, manganese, mica, ochre, and mineral waters.
The number < f persons engaged in mining occupations in 1880 was
141,165, according to the United States census, and the total value
of mineral products in 1885 was about $200,000,000.
Finances. — Amount of State debt. Jan. 1. 1885; Funded. $19.-
084,288 ; unfunded. $880,718.86. Of the funded debt $7,767,300
drew 5 per cent interest, and $11,450,000 drew 3» and 4 per cent.
PENNSYLVANIA.
The State held, Jan. 1, 1885, in stocks of incorporated companies,
$5,160,918 ; in sinking-fund, $3,474,801 ; net public debt over and
above assets, $10,448,573.00. State receipts for year ending Dec.
1, 1880, $7,530,711.13 (exclusive of loans). State expenditures for
year ending Dec. 1, 1880, $7,203,995.42 (exclusive of sinking-fund).
Amount raised by taxation, $6,495,704.26 for State purposes. Ag-
gregate taxes for all purposes, general and local, $38,000,000.
Amount of taxable property as assessed: Real estate (not taxed
by the State), $1,097,202,153 ; personal property (including corpo-
rations, $1,200,000,000), $1,403,814,762. Rate of 'State tax, 40 cents
on $100. No tax is levied in Pennsylvania on real estate for State
purposes. The tax on personal property, at the very low valua-
tion current, produced only $674,024 in 1880, out of total tax re-
ceipts of over $0,000,0(40. Most of the large revenues of the State
are derived from taxes on corporations. Witness the following :
Tax on capital stock of corporations in 1886, $729,030 ; tax on gross
receipts, $1,210,583; tax on bank-stock, $415,860 ; commutation of
tonnage-tax (Penn. R. R. Co.), $400,000 ; collateral inheritance tax,
$662,976 ; license-taxes, $047,301 ; tax on net earnings or income,
$68,729 ; tax on loans, $264,899 ; tax on writs, wills, deeds, charters,
etc., $118,462; tax on foreign insurance companies, $334,855. A
State or county tax must have been paid by each elector within
two years, but there is no State poll-tax.
Political — State, congressional, and presidential elections
occur on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.
The General Assembly consists of 50 Senators and 201 Represent-
atives, the former elected for four years, the latter for two years.
The limit of session is 150 days, anti (he sessions are biennial, con-
vening on the first Tuesday in January, in odd years. The Gov-
ernor, Lieutenant-Governor, and Secretary of Internal Affairs and
Superintendent of Public Instruction are elected for four years ;
the Auditor-General for three years ; the Treasurer for two years :
while the Secretary of State and Attorney -General are appointed
by the Governor, with consent of the Senate. The Supreme Court,
consisting of seven judges, are elected for twenty-one years, the
judge having the shortest term to serve becoming Chief-Justice.
The number of electoral votes is 30. and that of voters 1,094,284.
Educational.— The number enrolled during the school year
1884-'85, in the common schools of the State, was 982,158, and the
daily average attendance was 657,128. The total expenses of the
school system were $9,800,405, of which $5,586,481 were paid to
teachers. The statistics of illiteracy for 1880 showed, out of 3,203,-
215 persons over ten years old, 146,138 who could not read, and 228.-
014 who could not write. The college statistics for 1885 gave 27
institutions, 408 instructors, 4,308 students ; receipts, $340,376 from
productive funds, and $151,877 from tuition fees ; 186.336 volumes
m the college library ; value of grounds, buildings, and apparatus,
$5,110,499. The principal institutions are : Dickinson College, at
Carlisle; Lafayette College, at Easton; Lehigh University, at South
Bethlehem ; and Western University of Pennsylvania, at Pitts-
burg. Philadelphia is noted for its excellent medical colleges.
Natural Resources. — All the valleys throughout the State
have exceedingly fertile soil, and produce excellent crops of the
cereals, tobacco, and the various fruits of the temperate zone. In
the S. and E. grain soils predominate : in the N. and W. both grain
and grazing are profitably pursued. The white-pine forests of the
Alleghanies are a very important source of lumber-supply, and a
great variety of hard woods are found. The distinguishing glory
of the State is its mineral wealth. It produces all the anthracite,
and twice the output of bituminous coal as compared with any
other State. The production of iron-ore and pig-iron is more than
half that of the whole country. The State is also the principal
source of petroleum. Its other mineral products are salt, brick,
fire and pottery clays, limestone, building-stone, cement, slate,
feldspar, fertilizers, mica, buhr-stones, natural gas, and mineral
waters. In the aggregate of minerals most useful to the human
race this State utterly surpasses any other in the country.
Principal Places.— Harrisburg, the capital, iron manufact-
uring and railway center ; Philadelphia, the metropolis of the
State, second city in the Union, great trade, manufacturing, and
railway center; Pittsburg, the most important iron and steel
manufacturing city in the country ; Allegheny, twin city of
Pittsburg ; Allentown, center of the rich farming region of E.
Pennsylvania : Bethlehem, principal home of the Moravians and
seat of great iron-works ; Altoona, site of the machine-shops of
the Pennsylvania Railroad ; Chester, center of a great ship-build-
ing interest on the Delaware River ■ Easton, thriving manufactur-
ing city ; Erie, port of entry on Lake Erie ; Lancaster, prosperous
commercial and manufacturing town ; Reading, third city of the
State in manufacturing importance; oil City, emporium of the
petroleum regions ; Scranton, great coal, iron, and railway cen-
ter: Wilkesbarre, a beautiful city, emporium of the Wyoming
Valley ; Williamsport, the principal lumber-mart of the State, on
the W. branch of the Susquehanna ; and York, one of the oldest
towns in the State.
Population (Census of 1880): Total, 4,282,891 : male, 2,136, -
656; female, 2,146,236; native, 3,695,062; foreign, 587.829; white,
I, 196,016 ; colored, 85,535 ; Chinese, 148 ; Japanese, 8 : Indians, 184.
Leading cities are as follows : Allegheny, 78,682 ; Allentown, 18,-
063; Altoona, 19,710; Bethlehem, 5,0(0; Chester, 11.997; Easton,
II, 924; Erie, 27,737; Harrisburg, 30,762; Lancaster, 25,769; Nor-
ristown, 13,063 ; Oil City, 7,315 ; Philadelphia, 847,170 ; Pittsburg,
156,389 ; Pottsville, 13,253 : Reading, 43,278 ; Scranton, 45,850 ;
Wilkesbarre, 23,239 ; Williamsport, 18,934 ; York, 13,940.
Agriculture.— In 1880 there were 20,060,455 acres devoted to
agricultural uses, valued at $975,689,410. Out of the total working
population 301,112, or about 10 per cent, were engaged in farming
pursuits. The number of farms was 156,857. The average value
per acre of cleared land was $45.75 ; of woodland, $29.75. The
returns of the staple crops for 1885 were as follows :
CLASSES.
Acres.
Bushels.
Value.
Corn
1,417,030
46,074,000
$22,576,260
Wheat
1,380,294
13,325,000
12,792,000
Oats
1,004,023
34,326,000
12,357,360
Rye
402,179
3,298,000
2.176,593
Barley..
26,194
485,000
339,212
Buckwheat
274,415
3,897,000
2,104,444
Potatoes
190,280
13,700,000
Tons.
6,439,075
Hay
2,738,572
2,738,572
Lbs.
36,970,722
Tobacco
23,392
23,392,000
2,456,160
The latest returns of dairy products (1880) give 36,540,540 galls,
of milk, 79,336,012 lbs. of butter, and 1,008,686 lbs. of cheese. The
statistics of animals on farms in 1885 were : Horses, 577,331. value
$54,346,474; mules, 23,670, value $2,603,488; milch-cows, 902,127,
value $27,154,023 ; oxen and other cattle, 858.474, value $23,484,680 ;
sheep, 1,189,481, value $3,187,809 ; hogs, 1,103,391, value $8,241,556.
Commerce The ports of entry are Philadelphia and Erie,
while Pittsburg is a port, of delivery in the Louisiana district. The
bulk of foreign commerce, of course, is transacted through Phila-
delphia. The imports of this city for the year closing .July 30,
1886, were $36,561,313 ; the domestic exports were $33,719,861 ; and
the foreign exports were $33,456. To the imports of the State must
be added those received at Erie, $50,048. The entrances of vessels
at ports were 1,363, of 1,156,873 tonnage ; and the clearances were
1,038, of 909,9111 tonnage. The number of vessels registered, en-
rolled, and licensed, was 295, of 99,557 tonnage.
Fisheries.— In 1880, the latest year for which authentic sta-
tistics are available, there were 101 persons and 16 vessels and
boats engaged in sea-fisheries, with $23,440 capital invested, and
net value of returns $36,000. The river and lake fisheries employed
451 persons, 151 vessels and boats, and a capital of $96,370. The
value of product was $96,550. The returns of the oyster-fisheries
were 250,000 bushels, value $187,500.
Railroads. — In 1885 there was a mileage of 7,767 m., and the
length of line operated was 7.16(1. The capital stock was $406,-
996,236 ; the funded debt, $426,579,204 ; the total investment, $940,-
670,413 ; the cost of railroad and equipment, $525,334,570. The
receipts from passengers were $19,192,639 ; from freights. $77,-
576,595 ; total gross earnings. $100,290,741 ; and the net earnings,
$42,037,924. The interest paid on bonds was $23,218,990, and the
dividends paid on stocks, $15,786,220.
Relative Rank.— The State is second in population and
twenty-first in size. It ranks first in coal, iron, and petroleum,
and in manufactures of steel aud iron, also in rye ; second in gen-
eral manufactures, potatoes, dairy products, and buckwheat ;
fourth in imports and milch-cows ; fifth in total foreign com-
merce ; sixtli in hay ; seventh in oats ; eighth in tobacco and
horses ; and eleventh in corn and wheat.
RHODE ISLAND.
Historical. — Supposed to be identical
with the ancjent Vinland of the Icelandic
Sagas, historians credit the first discovery
of Rhode Island to the Norsemen about
1000 a. i). The navigator Verrazzano visited
Narragansett Bay and its shores in 1521.
The State was settled at Providence in 1080
by Roger Williams and his companions,
who hail been banished from Massachu-
setts by religious intolerance. In 1638 the
Island of Aquidneck, afterward called
Rhode Island, was settled at Newport and
Portsmouth. A third settlement was
formed at Warwick in 1043. The same
year Roger Williams went to England and
obtained a patent for the united govern-
ment of the settlements. In 1063 this pat-
ent gave way to a charter by Charles II,
incorporating the colony of Rhode Island
and Providence Plantations, which re-
mained in force for ISO years. The colony
suffered severely in King Philip’s War, 1075
-’70, which resulted in the destruction of
the Wampanoag and Narragansett tribes of Indians. In 1687 Sir
Edmond Andros, who had been made Governor of New York, New
England, etc., abrogated the charter, but it became again the rul-
ing Constitution after his recall. In the wars between France and
England, Rhode Island furnished valuable aid by land and sea for
the expeditions against Louisburg, Crown Point, Oswego, and
Canada. In 1756 she had fifty privateers at sea. During the War
of the Revolution the State supplied many ships and sailors for
naval operations. Rhode Island was invaded by the British, and
vain attempts were made for several years to drive them thence
by Count d’Esting’s fleet and Gen. Sullivan’s army. The State
was the last to accept the Federal Constitution, May 29, 1790.
Dorr’s insurrection occurred in 1842, an imbroglio growing out of
the bigoted suffrage laws, an inheritance from colonial times. It
was only in 1861 that the boundary-line between Rhode Island
and Massachusetts was finally settled.
Geographical — The State has an area of 1,250 sip m. ; ex-
treme length, N. and S., 47 m. ; extreme width, 40 m. There are
five counties, and it is bounded N. and E. by Massachusetts, S. by
the Atlantic Ocean, and W. by Connecticut. The surface of the
State is rough and hilly, but has no elevations which may be
•called mountains. Narragansett Bay divides the State into two
parts, leaving the greater portion on the W.. and extending N.
from the ocean 28 m. From 3 to 12 m. in width it embraces the
islands of Aquidnecktor Rhode Island), Canonicut. Providence, and
smaller ones. The first named, 15 m. long and 3 m. wide, is nota-
ble as the site of the city of Newport, noted as a fashionable sea-
side resort. The harbor, lying between Canonicut and Rhode
Island, is among the finest in the world. Canonicut is an island 7
m. long and 1 m. wide. A peninsula divides Narragansett Bay and
forms Mount Hope Bay, at the head of which enters the Taunton
River. Block Island, which lies about 10 m. S. of the W. division, is
also an adjunct of the State, and lies 10 m. long, by from 2 to 5 m.
wide. The rivers are only important for their valuable water-
power. The Providence River, nayigable for large ships to the
city of the same name, is really an estuary of the bay. The Black-
stone runs east into the Providence River, being known, after
passing Pawtucket, as the Seekonk. The Woonasquatueket and
Mooshassuck flow into a cove of the Providence River within
Providence. Pawtucket River flows into Narragansett Bay, and
the Paweatuck waters the S. W. part and falls into Stonington
Harbor.
Natural Resources. — Indian corn, rye, and oats are the prin-
cipal cereals, but on the whole the State is best adapted to grazing
purposes. Anthracite coal of an inferior quality, which supplies
•only local consumption, and occasional beds of iron-ore are found.
Limestone, marble, and granite quarries are worked, but the State
on the whole is not notable for mineral wealth. The excellent
water-power of the rivers has been important to the manufactur-
ing interest, and the fisheries are valuable.
Climate. — Proximity to the ocean makes the climate bland
and agreeable, especially in the S. E. portion. At Newport the
winter temperature ranges from 29° to 43°, and that of summer
from 64° to 71°. The rainfall is from 40 to 45 in.
Principal Places. — Providence, capital, second city of New
England for wealth and population, noted for manufacture of tex-
tile goods, silver-ware, and machinery ; Newport, alternate capi-
tal and most famous of American summer resorts ; Lincoln, Paw-
tucket. Warwick, and Woonsocket are sites of extensive and
valuable manufacturing industries.
Population (State census of 1885) : Total, 304,284 ; male,
146.135 ; female, 157,681 ; native, 222,697 ; foreign, 81,119; white,
896,585 ; colored, 7,127 ; Chinese, 27 ; Indians, 77. Population of
leading places : Lincoln, 17,229 : Newport, 19,566 ; Pawtucket,
22,906; Providence, 118,070; Warwick. 13,286; Westerly, 6,333;
Woonsocket, 16,199.
Commerce. — There are three customs districts, Bristol and
Warren. Newport, and Providence. The direct foreign business
is not great, but there is a large coasting-trade. The imports at
Providence and Newport for the year ending June 30, 1886, were
$480,105, the exports $545. The entrances at ports were 83 vessels,
of 18,389 tonnage, and the clearances were 67 vessels, of 7,111 ton-
nage. The number of vessels registered, enrolled, and licensed
was 265, of 39,110 tonnage.
Fisheries — Rhode Island employed in her fisheries, in 1880,
1,602 vessels and boats, and 2,301 persons. The capital invested in
vessels, boats, nets, sheds, and other shore appliances, was $596.-
678: The amount of products, for the most part consisting of cod,
mackerel, menhaden, scup, and blue-fish, was 88,049,978 lbs., the
value of which was $880,915.
Railways In 1885 the State had 210 mileage, and the length
of line operated was 117. The capital stock was $4,548,630 ; the
39
funded debt, $3,154,575 ; total investment,
$7,857,545 ; and the cost of road and equip-
meut, $6,234,432. The gross earnings from
passengers were $809,248 ; from freight,
$580,788 ; from all sources, $1,500,881 ; and
the net earnings, $481,051. The interest
[laid on bonds was $135,504 ; and the divi-
dends paid on stock, $266,563.
Finances. The amount of State debt
in October, 1886, was $1,341,000, funded at
6 per cent. The amount in the sinking-
fund was $570,414.25. The State receipts
for the year ending Jan. 1, 1886, were $827,-
001.41, and the State expenditures for the
same period, $851,682.83. The amount
raised by taxation was $391,059.24. The
amount of taxable property as assessed
was, real, $243,658,190; personal, $84,872.-
369 ; total, $328,530,559. The rate of State
tax is 12 cents on $100. The estimated
true valuation of all property in Rhode
Island in 1880 was $420,000,000, a rate per
capita of $1,519.
Political.— The State elections take place on the first Monday
in April ; the congressional and presidential on the Tuesday after
the first Monday in November. The Legislature consists of 36
Senators and 72 Representatives, each class elected for a term of
one year. The sessions are annual, convening on the last Tuesday
in May at Newport, with an adjourned session annually at Provi-
dence. There is no limit of session. All the leading State officers
are elected for one year. The Supreme Court is elected by and
holds office at the will of the Legislature.
Agriculture. — In 1880 there were 514,813 acres of land devoted
to farming ; valuation, $25,882,079. The number of people en-
gaged in agriculture was 10,945, and the number of farms was
6.216. The staple crops for 1885 were as follows :
CLASSES.
Acrei.
Bushels.
Value.
Corn
12,218
429.000
$308,880
Oats
6,353
167.000
73.480
Rye
1.372
15.000
12.375
Bariev
791
19.000
13,756
Buckwheat
126
1.000
783
Potatoes
6,366
668,000
Tons.
374,321
Hay
87,071
69.657
1.274.723
Latest reported statistics of dairy products (1880) are : 3,831,706
gallons of milk. 1,007,103 lbs. of butter, and 67.171 lbs. of cheese.
The animalson farms in 1885 were : Horses, 9.905. value $1,016,071 ;
milch-cows, 22,543, value $766,462 ; oxen and other cattle. 13.(824,
value $480,490 ; sheep, 20,449, value $76,684 ; swine, 14,395, value
$141,071.
Manufactures and Mining In 1880 the State had 2.205
manufacturing establishments, employing $75,575,943 and 82,878
hands. The total amount paid in wages was $21,355,619 : the
value of materials, $58,103,443 : value of products, $104,163,621.
The more important specific industries were as below :
CLASSES.
Capital.
Wages paid.
Value of
material.
Value of
product.
Boots and shoes, rub-
ber
$325,000
$225,025
$1,031,339
Si. 455. 420
Carpentering
428,123
615,459
1,332,443
2.336,517
Clothing, men’s
899,277
423.717
1,138,144
1,980,380
Cotton goods
29,260.734
5,623,933
13,300,149
24,609,461
Dyeing and finishing
textiles
5.912,500
1,093,727
2,315,062
6,874.254
Foundry and machine
shop products
4,823,867
2,072.143
2,687.484
6,281,707
Gold and silver re-
duced and refined,
not from the ore ...
138,000
18,627
1,366,471
1.421,100
Jewelry
2,836,620
1,688.616
2.590,611
5.650,1:43
Mixed textiles
1,591.000
488,068
1,520.099
2,718,822
Rubber and elastic
goods
710,000
313,715
1.617,000
2,217,000
Slaughtering and
meat-packing
598.000
97.632
3,449,816
3,876.740
Woolen goods
8,448,700
2,480.907
9.138.429
15,410,450
Worsted goods
4,567,716
1,222,350
3,941,383
6,177,754
The annual output of anthracite coal is about 10,000 long tons,
though the quality of the product is not of the best. There was a
production of 12,000 short tons of mineral fertilizers in 1885.
Educational.— Rhode Island had 52,665 pupils in her common
schools in 18Rl-’85. the average daily attendance being 34,114. The
population
and 24,793 who could not write. The State has one college. Brown
University, at Providence, founded in 1764. It had, in 1885, 58 in-
structors, 501 students, $62,091 income, 62,764 volumes in the
library, and property valued at $600,000.
Relative Rank The smallest of the States, Rhode Island
ranks thirty-eighth in size and thirty-third in area. She stands,
proportionately to size and population, ahead of any other State
in her manufacturing interests, although in fact her place is
thirteenth in general manufactures and eighth in fisheries. Spe-
cifically she is second in the manufacture of textile fabrics (cen-
sus of 1880).
-
SOUTH CAROLINA
Historical — The first attempt, to col-
onize the territory now included in South
Carolina was made by Jean Ribault, a
Frenchman, in 1503. The first permanent
settlement was made by English colonists,
who planted themselves on the banks of
the Ashley in 1070, but removed to the site
of Charleston in 1680. The province was
created by Charles II in 1083. Both the
Carolinas were included under a common
name and proprietary government till 1729,
when the king formed the province into
two royal colonies. Large numbers of
French Huguenots had arrived in 1685,
and subsequently Swiss, Irish, and German
colonists. South Carolina suffered severely
from Indian depredations, and joined with
Georgia, under Oglethorpe, in a contest
with Spanish Florida. She took an active
part in the Revolution, and the battles of
Fort Moultrie, Charleston, Camden, King's
Mountain, Cowpens, Eutaw Springs, etc.,
were fought on her soil. The U. S. Con-
Railroads. — The railway mileage in
1885 was 1.687 in., and the length of line
operated 1,062 m. The capital stock was
$10,502,835 ; the funded debt, 836.267.170 ;
the total investment, $47,434,359 ; and the
cost of road and equipment, $14,553,870.
The earnings from passengers were $1.-
375.863 : from freight, $11,209,765 ; from all
sources. $5,012,528 : and the net earnings,
$1,611,803. The interest paid on bonds was
S I - 1 1>0.457 ; and the dividends on stock,
$137,410.
Finances.— The amount of the State
debt includes $6,123,907 funded at 0 per
cent ; and $398,280 unfunded. The State
receipts in 1885 were $1.0(45,000. and the ex-
penditures $931 ,442. The amount raised by
taxation was $002,422. Tile amount of tax-
able property as assessed in 1885 was $149,-
978.142.
Political.— State, congressional, and
presidential elections occur on the Tuesday
after the first Monday in November. There
stitution was ratified in 1788. In 1832 the State passed the Nulli- ] are 35 Senators elected for four years, and 124 Representatives
lication Act, which threatened civil war, then happily averted,
but afterward precipitated in 1861 by the firing on Fort Sumter.
The important military operations were the capture of Hilton
Head in 1861. the unsuccessful attacks on Charleston in 1863, and
the march of Gen. Sherman in 1865. The State was readmitted
to Federal relations in 1868.
Geographical.— The State has an area of 30,570 sq. m.. its
extreme length being275 m. and greatest width 210 m. The coast-
line is 200 m. loug. It is divided into 33 counties, and is bouuded
N. and N. E. by North Carolina ; S. E. by the Atlantic Ocean ;
and W. and S. W. by Georgia, from which it is separated by the
Savannah River and its upper branches. The coast has numer-
ous inlets, shallow sounds and. lagoon '., and a few good harbors.
The latter are Winyaw Bay, Bull's Bay, Charleston, St. Helena
Sound, and Beaufort or Port Royal. The small islands skirting
the coast afford inland navigation’ between Charleston and Savan-
nah, Ga. Tlie country for 100 m. inland is fiat and sandy, covered
by pitch-pine forests, and interspersed with swamps and sluggisli
streams. Then follows a belt of low sand-hills ; and next a ridge
where the land rises abruptly and shows beautiful alternations of
hill and dale, till it. terminates in the Blue Ridge in the N. W. part,
the highest peak of which is Table Mountain, 4,000 ft. high. The
Savannah River, the S. W. boundary, is formed by the confluence
of the Tugaloo and Keowee, which rise in the Blue Ridge. It runs
450 m. S. S. E., emptying into the Atlantic 18 m. below Savannah,
Ga. It is navigable to Savannah for large ships, and for small
steamboats to Augusta, 150 m. The Edisto and Salkehatchie
Rivers rise in the interior and flow S. E. into the ocean, near the
S. corner of the State. The Santee River is made out of the con-
fluence of the Congaree and Catawba Rivers, which by their
tributaries rise in the Blue Ridge of North Carolina and flow S.
till they unite. The Santee thus formed flows 120 m. S. E. and
empties a little S. of Winyaw Bay, furnishing navigation its whole
length. The Great Pedee, known as the Yadkin in North Caro-
lina, flows through the N. E. parts of the State, receiving as tribu-
taries the Little Pedee and Lynch's Creek, and empties into Win-
yaw Bay. It is navigable to Cheraw, a distance of 150 m. The
State is well watered.
Natural Resources The State is adapted to an immense
variety of agricultural products, according to locality — cotton,
rice, tobacco, corn, oats, rye, barley, sweet and Irish potatoes,
vegetables, and fruits. The pitch-pine forests are the source of a
valuable industry, and live-oak is cut on the coast. The adjoining
waters support fisheries of increasing importance. In mineral
wealth the most important feature of the State is found in her
immense deposits of bone-phosphate near Charleston, probably
the richest beds in the world. Gold and silver are mined to some
extent, and iron-ore is found, but not utilized, from want of coal.
Kaolin-beds and granite-quarries are profitably worked.
Climate. — The mean temperature at Charleston is 79° to 83° in
summer, and 50° to 54° in winter. The maximum temperature in
July at Aiken is 90° to 96°, the minimum in midwinter from 12° to
20°. and the average winter temperature about 45°. The average
rainfall at Charleston is about 50, and at Aiken about 40 in.
Principal Places.— Columbia, the capital ; Charleston, the
emporium and leading port, of entry, center of an important for-
eign and domestic trade ; Greenville, popular resort of the mount-
ain region in the N. W. ; Spartanburg, the leading town in the N.
part of the State, and an important sanitary resort ; Aiken, a
celebrated winter sanitarium.
Population (Census of 1880): Total 995,577; male, 490,-
408 ; female, 505,169 ; native, 987,891 : foreign, 7,686 ; white, 391,-
105; colored, 604,322 ; Chinese, 9; Indians, 131. The number of
slaves in 1860 was 402,406. The population of leading places was
as follows : Charleston, 49,984 ; Columbia, 10,036 ; Greenville,
6,160.
Commerce.— The chief exports of South Carolina are cotton,
rice, naval stores, and fertilizers. There are three customs dis-
tricts, of which Beaufort, Charleston, and Georgetown are the
elected for two years. The sessions are annual, convening the
fourth Tuesday in November, and are without limit of session.
The terms of all the State officers, except that of the Railway
Commissioners, are for two years. The Supreme Court judges
are elected by the Legislature, and serve six years.
Agriculture The farming-lands of the State number 13.535, -
237 acres, valuation $68,677,482 ; people engaged in agriculture,
392,102 ; farms, 93,864 (census of 1880). The average value of
cleared lands by the same authority was $6.24 : and of woodland,
$8.64. The staple crops in detail were as follows in 1885 :
CLASSES.
Acres.
Bushels.
Value.
Corn
1,487,341
13,453,000
$7,533,680
Wheat
220.030
1.170,000
1 ,287.000
413,963
3.510.000
1.895,400
Rye
8,036
32.000
32.144
Barley
1,230
16,000
17,675
Potatoes
3,911
235.000
Tons.
175,995
Hay
4,336
4,336
Bales.
59.C20
Cotton
1,733,289
515.652
21,969,766
The foregoing figures are derived from the U. S. Department of
Agriculture. Reports of other crops for the same year, from the
State Commissioner, gave sea-island cotton, 12.083 bags, and rice
82,431,850 lbs. The official U. S. reports of animals on farms in 1885
were : Horses 62,789, value $5,586,481 : mules 71.119. value 86.890,-
978 ; milch-cows 143.315, value $22,856,268 ; oxen and other cattle
214,711, value $2,400,020; sheep 112,9:15, value $194,250; swine,
567,181, value $1,927.96
Manufacturing and Mining.— In 1880 the State, according
to the U. S. census, had 2,078 manufacturing establishments,
which employed 22,198 hands and SI 1 .205,81)4 capital. The total
amount paid in wages was $2,836,289 ; the value of materials was
$9,885,538 : and the value of products was $16.7.38.008. State re-
ports for 1885 estimated capital invested at $21,327,070. and the
value of products at $29,951,551.
were as follows
The chief manufactures in 1880
CLASSES.
Capital.
Wages paid.
Value of
material.
Value of
product.
Carpentering
$40,125
$115,913
$158,198
$326,590
Cotton goods
2,776,100
380,844
1,808,300
2,895,769
Fertilizers
3,493,300
576,580
1.297,204
2.691,053
Flouring- aud grist-mill
products
1,339.269
139.352
3.265.485
3,779.470
Lumber, sawed
1,056,265
221,963
1,237,361
2,031.507
Printing and publishing.
132,700
115.947
89.450
299.520
Ship-building
46,300
55,990
55,520
144,000
Tar and turpentine
565,290
554.460
600.179
1,893,206
Wheelwrighting
72,640
50,021
47,290
141,226
South Carolina has been since 1868 the chief producer of the
valuable fertilizer, bone-phosphate. The product in 1885 was
673,192 long tons, worth about S3.5ai.000. The gold product in
1885 was about $46,700. tlie yield of kaolin about $90,000, and that
of granite about $.5O.O0O.
Educational The pupils enrolled in 1884-'85 in the common
schools were 178.023, and the average daily attendance was 122,-
093. The total expenses were $428,419, and the salaries of teach-
ers $374,257. The statistics of illiteracy in 1880, out of 667,456
Q ^ __ people over ten years old, showed 321,780 who could not read, and
ports, Charleston being the chief, and one of the leading cotton- \ 369,848 who could not write. In 1884- 8-> the 9 colleges in the State
marts of the world. The imports for the year ending June 30, , had 76 instructors, 1.097 students, about $80,000 income, and pos-
■ ■ — • The entrances 1 sessed in property $589,600. The more important of these mstitu-
■ ■ — - . > r V- drt .1 7 ,, ,, f 1 * i 1m n • 1 nflin
1886, were $758,418 ; and the exports, $18,660,779.
at ports were 257 vessels, of 15,614 tonnage, and the clearances
were 349 vessels, of 237,328 tonnage. The vessels, registered, en-
rolled, and licensed, were 206, of 11,625 tonnage.
Fisheries.— The fishing industries of the State in 1880 em-
ployed 1.137 persons.676 boats and vessels, and a capital of $68,915.
The value of products was $212,482. The shrimp-fisheries are the
most important.
tions are the University of South Carolina, at Columbia : Clafiin
University, at Orangeburg : Furman University, at Greenville ;
and Newberry College, at Walhalla.
Relative Rank.— The State ranked twenty-first in popula-
tion in 1880. and is twenty-eighth in size. She is first in the pro-
duction of bone-phosphates and rice : second in turpentine, tar,
and the allied products ; and fifth in cotton.
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TENNESSEE.
Historical.— The name is derived from
“ Tannassee,” the Indian appellation of the
Little Tennessee River. The first perma-
nent white settlement was made on the Ten-
nessee River, about .'10 m. from the site of
Knoxville, and Fort Loudon built. Indian
wars lasted t ill 1701, when the savages were
reduced to terms. From 1777 to 1784 the Ter-
ritory formed a portion of North Carolina.
During the four years subsequent, the set-
tlers maintained an organization as the
State of Franklin, but were reunited to
North Carolina in 1788. In 1781) the Terri-
tory, with that of Kentucky, was organized
by Ihe U. S. Government, which had re-
ceived its cession from North Carolina. In
1794 a distinct territorial organization was
made, and in 1796 Tennessee was admitted
as a State, the third under the Federal Con-
stitution. The State seceded in June, IKOI.
The principal military events within her
limits during the civil war were the capture
of Forts Henry and Donelson, in February,
1802; the battle of Pittsburg Landing, or Shiloh, in April, 1862;
the battle of Murfreesboro, in January, 1863 ; the battle of Chick-
amauga, in September, 1864 : the battles about Chattanooga, and
the battles of Franklin and Nashville, in November, 1HG4.
Geographical. — The area of Tennessee is 42,050 sq. m., the
greatest length E. and W. being 432 m., and the greatest breadth
109 m. It is divided into 94 counties, and bounded N. by Kentucky
and Virginia ; S. E. by North Carolina ; S. by Georgia. Alabama,
and Mississippi ; and W. by Arkansas and Missouri, from which
it. is separated by the Mississippi River. The State in its topogra-
phy comprises several distinct natural divisions. On the E. bor-
der the Unaka, Smoky, and other Appalachian ranges, with an
average elevation of 5,000 feet, cover an area of about 2,000 sq. m.
Between these mountains and the Cumberland table-land the val-
ley of E. Tennessee, with an area of about 9,000 sq. m., and about.
l, 000 ft. in height, comprises a succession of minor ridges and val-
leys, running in almost unbroken lines N. E. and S. W. Above
this valley the Cumberland table-land, on the west, rises 1,000 ft.,
and presents an area of about 5,000 m. Its E. side is an abrupt
rampart, and the W. side is irregular, with deep indentations and
valleys. Next are the terrace-lands, extending to the Tennessee
River, almost 1,000 ft. high, and 9,300 sq. in. in extent, being in
character a plain, traversed by ravines and streams. In the cen-
ter of this section is the great central basin, like the bed of a
drained lake, 300 feet in depression, and with an area of 5,540 sq.
m. The next natural division is the valley of the Tennessee, about
12 m. wide, in elevation 350 ft. above the sea, and 1,200 m. in area.
The contiguous plateau of W. Tennessee is an extensive undulat-
ing plain, sloping toward the Mississippi. About 500 ft. high and
8,850 sq. m. in area, it terminates in a steep escarpment, overlook-
ing- the great alluvial bottoms of the Mississippi, which are covered
with forests, lakes, and morasses. The ri.ers afford ample com-
mercial facilities, and fine water-power. Besides the Mississippi,
on the W. border, the Tennessee and Cumberland are noble
streams. The Tennessee River, through its tributaries, has its
head-waters in the mountains of E. Tennessee and W. Virginia,
and, running S. W. through Tennessee, passes into Alabama. It
traverses the N. part of Alabama in the form of an irregular bow,
and re-enters Tennessee, which it cuts in a north line, flowing
through Kentucky into the Ohio. In its course it falls 2,000 ft. It
is navigable from the Muscle-Shoals to the Ohio, 259 m ; and for
small steamboats above the shoals to Knoxville, 500 m.
Natural Resources. — The State is remarkable in variety of
soil and climate. Nearly every kind of agricultural product yields
abundantly, according to locality, from wheat to cotton and to-
bacco. Stock and dairy-farming are very profitable. The mount-
ains and uplands yield lumber of every sort, as well as tar, pitch,
and turpentine. In mineral wealth the State is very rich, and its
recent development as a coal and iron region has been most note-
worthy. Other products are copper, clay, marble, and slate.
Climate. — The climate is for the most part mild and salubri-
ous. The temperature is about 1° higher on the S. than on the N.
boundary. The mean annual temperature, on a line bisecting the
State E. and W„ is about. 57° in E. Tennessee, 58° in Middle, and
59° in W. Tennessee. The rainfall varies from 45 to 50 in.
Principal Places — Nashville, capital and seat of most im-
portant State institutions ; Memphis, the metropolis, seat of great
railway and river traffic, and of varied manufactures : and Chatta-
nooga, emporium of E. Tennessee, center of iron and steel manu-
factures, and celebrated in the history of the civil war.
Population — (Census of 1880) : Total. 1,542,359 ; male, 769,-
277: female. 773,082: native. 1,525,657; foreign, 16,702; white,
1.138,831 ; colored, 403,151 : Chinese. 25 : Indians, 352. The more
imp n-tant cities were as follows in 1880: Chattanooga. 12,892; Jack-
son, 5,377 ; Knoxville, 9,693 ; Memphis, 33,592 : Nashville, 43,350.
Finances.— The amount of State debt at the beginning of 1886
was $17,000,000. The State receipts for the two years ending De-
cember 9. 1886, were $3,228,768 ; the State expenditures for the
same period, $3,391,300. The amount raised by taxation in 1886
was as follows: State taxes. $1,000,000; liquor licenses, $141,533;
other privilege taxes, $77,000; and property-tax, $600,000.
Political The State, congressional, and presidential elections
occur on the first. Tuesday after the first Monday in November.
There are 33 Senators and' 99 Representatives, all elected for two
years. The Legislature meets biennially, in odd-numbered years,
on the first Monday in January, and is limited to 75 days’ session.
The Governor is elected for two years, the Supreme Court for eight
41
years, by the people. There are 12 electoral
votes, and. according to the census of 1880,
there were 571.244 voters in that year. Non-
payment of the, poll-tax of $1, levied for
school purposes, excludes from voting.
Educational. The number enrolled in
the public schools in 1885 was 373,877, and
the average daily attendance 192,403. The
salaries of teachers amounted to $876,229,
and the total expenses to $1,013,464. The
statistics of illiteracy in 1880, estimated out
of a population of 1,062,130 over ten years
old, were 294,385 who could not read, and
410,722 who could not write. There are 18
colleges, possessed of grounds, buildings,
etc., valued at $1,654,289. In 1885 these insti-
tutions had 165 instructors, 3,321 students,
an income of $153,688, and 71.609 volumes in
the libraries. The more noteworthy are
Central Tennessee College, at Nashville :
Cumberland University, at Lebanon ; East
Tennessee University, at Knoxville; Fisk
University, at Nashville ; University of the
South, at Sewanee ; and Vanderbilt University, at Nashville.
Agriculture. — The area of farming-lands in 1880 was 20.660.-
915 acres, valuation, $200,749,337. The number of people employed
iu agriculture was 294,153, or about one fourth of the working
population. The number of farms was 165.550 ; value per acre,
cleared land, $13; woodland, $7.28. The report of crops in 1885.
as made by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, was as follows :
CLASSES.
Acres.
Bushels.
Value.
Corn
3,569.590
75,581,000
$29,476,590
Wheat
1.175.882
3,821,000
3.029,950
Oats
620.0%
10,752,000
3,655.680
Rye
34.692
180,000
137,162
Potatoes
38,937
2,531 .000
1 - ri'.
1,164,216
Hay
208,262
229,088
I.bs.
2,673,457
Tobacco
46,850
2G.939.000
Balf-s.
1,885,713
1 Cotton
864,618
321,6:38
13.259,527
In 1880 the yield of dairy products was : Milk, 1.000.795 galls.;
butter. 17,886,369 lbs. ; cheese, 98,700 lbs. The number of animals
on farms was : Horses 288.604, value $18,966.758 : mules 187,208.
value $13,046,443; milch-cows 326,417, value $6,528,310; oxen and
other cattle 475.406, value $6.386.604 ; sheep 603,780, value $967,-
255 : swine 2.122,646, value $6,788,222.
Commerce. — The trade interests of the State are entire]}- do-
mestic and interstate. Memphis and Nashville are ports of deliv-
ery. in the Louisiana district. In 1885-'86. 430,127 bales of cotton
were received at Memphis, and 432,689 bales were shipped. The
clearings of general merchandise for 1885 amounted to $67, 703, 940-
Railroads — The State mileage in 1885 was 1.370 m., and the
length of lines operated 4.024 m. I he capital was $69,454,170 ; the
bonded debt, $87,699,757 : the total investment, Sl61.927.820: and
the cost of road and equipment $159,294,379. The income from
passengers was $3,455,129 ; from freight, $7,458,389 ; total, $11,614,-
698 ; and the net earnings, $3,683,932.
Manufactures ancl Mining — In 1880 the State had 4.326
manufacturing establishments, employing 22.445 hands, and $20,-
092,845 capital. The wages paid were $5,254,775 : the value of ma-
terials, $23,710,125 ; and the value of products, $37,074,886.
CLASSES.
Capital.
Wapes
paid.
Value of
material.
Value of
product.
Carriages and wagons . .
715,050
219,998
580.300
1,253,721
Cotton goods
1,184,600
170,507
586.669
934,014
Flouring- and grist-mill
products
376,399
9,070,421
10.784,804
Foundry and machine-
shop products
551,950
269,272
610,824
1.191,531
Furniture
511.250
231.772
427.637
954,100
Iron and steel
3,681,776
659,773
1.376.059
2,274,203
Leather, tanned
470,075
86.988
1,041,605
1,504,660
Lumber, sawed
2,004.053
549,222
2,142,885
3,744.905
Oil, cotton-seed and cake
935,000
163,340
812,000
1,235,000
Slaughtering and meat-
packing
0
1
47,600
1,019,692
1,376,476
Tin and copper ware,
sheet-iron, etc
365,750
1:34,367
316.290
710,813
State reports for 1885 estimated that the manufacturing interest
had increased in capital to $40,763,630, and in value of products to
$75,216,211. The chief mineral wealth lies in iron and coal. The
product of iron in 1885 was 161,199 long tons of pig-iron, and about
150,000 long tons of ore. The output of coal in 1885 was 1.100,000
long tons, employing some 3,500 persons. In 1880, 153,880 lbs. of
ingot-copper were produced.
Relative Rank.- Tennessee ranked, in 1880, twelfth in popu-
lation, and she is twenty-third in size. In production, according-
to the returns of 1885. she stood sixth in pig-iron, seventh in to-
bacco and swine, ninth in cotton, and tenth in corn.
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TEXAS.
Historical. — The first attempt at col-
onization known to history was made by
La Salic, who sailed into Matagorda Bay,
and erected Fort St. Louis on the Lavaca
in 1685. Four years later the French were
ousted by the Spaniards. The two nation-
alities contested the dominion of the country
with bitterness, though the right of posses-
sion was for the most part with the Span-
iards. In 1715 the name of the New Philip-
pines was given to the country, and the
Marquis de Aguayo was made governor-
general, under whose rule Spanish settle
inents were rapidly multiplied. In 1762-’63
France settled the feud by her cession of
the Louisiana territory to Spain. The re-
cession of Louisiana to France in 1803, and
the sale by the latter power to the United
States, still left the boundary of the old
Spanish possessions W. of Louisiana open
to controversy, as there had previously
been no well-defined line. In 1806 the terri-
tory between the Sabine and Arroya Honda
was established as a neutral ground by the Spanish and Ameri-
can generals commanding on the frontier. In the absence of any
national settlement, a series of revolutionary intrigues began with
the projected movement of Aaron Burr in 1806. Filibustering
expeditions into Texas from the United States led to several
severe battles, and it was not till 1810 that the Sabine River was
finally established as the Texan boundary. The revolutionary
spirit, which made Texas a region of turmoil, did not cease when
Mexico became independent under the leadership of lturbide.
Invasions from the United States continued, and, though several
peaceable and thrifty American colonies had been planted, the
dictator Bustamante in 1830 forbade the people of the United
States from further immigration. The long bitterness between
the two races culminated in 1835, and the Americans in the prov-
ince, after fighting several engagements, organized a provisional
government, with Sam Houston as commander-in-chief of the
Texan forces. A series of sanguinary battles ensued between the
Mexican troops under Gen. Santa Anita and the Texan revolution-
ists, and the atrocities of the Mexicans awakened deep sympathy
with the Texans. The issue of the contest was practically settled
with the battle of San Jacinto. April 21, 1836, when Santa Anna was
taken prisoner. Gen. Houston was elected President of the Texan
Republic the same year, and in March, 1837, the United States for-
mally recognized the new government. Intermittent hostilities
continued between Mexico and Texas, which, in 1839-’40, had
been recognized by the leading European governments ; but the
threats of the former nation to subjugate the Texans were ren-
dered negative by her own weakness and the growing power of
the young state. The annexation of Texas to the United States,
which led to the Mexican War, occurred by her admittance as a
State in 1845, the fifteenth under the Constitution. After the elec-
tion of Abraham Lincoln the State seceded Feb. 23, 1801. by force
of a popular vote, ratifying the ordnance of the convention called
for that purpose, Gen. Twiggs, on Feb. 18th, surrendered to the
State authorities all the U. S. posts, troops, and munitions of war
in the department. No very important military operations oc-
curred within the State limits during the war. The last fight of
the war took place in Texas, ending in a Federal defeat, on May 13,
1865, and Gen. Kirby Smith surrendered the last Confederate army
here on May 26th. Texas was readmitted to her full rights in the
Union, March 30, 1870.
Geographical The area of the State is 265,780 sq. m„ the
extreme length being 825 m., and the extreme breadth 740 m.
The coast-line is 400 m. long. It is the largest of all the States,
and contains nearly six times the area of New York. It has 227
counties, and is bounded N. by New Mexico (W. of the 103d merid-
ian), the Indian Territory, and Arkansas, the Red River being the
dividing line E. of the 100th meridian : E. by the Indian Territory
(N. of latitude 34°30'), Arkansas, and Louisiana, from the last of
which it is mostly separated by the Sabine River and Lake ; S. E.
by the Gulf of Mexico ; S. W. by Mexico, from which it is sepa-
rated by the Rio Grande ; and W. by New Mexico. The State may
be divided into four sections— the eastern, middle, western, and
northern. E. Texas embraces the portion between the Sabine
and Trinity Rivers, and is the timber-region, there being only a
few prairies on the Gulf coast. In the S. the land is low and level,
and in the N. it is rolling and elevated but not mountainous. The
greater portion of Middle Texas between the Trinity and Colo-
rado Rivers is prairie, but there is considerable timber along the
. streams. N. Texas, including two or three tiers of counties on
the Red River, is about equally divided between forest and prairie.
In the W. portion, lying between the Colorado and Rio Grande
Rivers, four fifths of the surface is prairie, timber being mostly
confined to the valleys of the streams. The N. W. extremity of
the State is known as the “ Pan-Handle.” The S. and S. E. por-
tion along the coast is low and level ; N. of this the country is un-
dulating : the W. and N. W. portion is mostly an elevated table-
land, while the district between the Pecos and the. Rio Grande, is
mountainous. The Llano Estacada or Staked Plains (so called
from the great number of yucca-stems, which look like stakes)
extends from the Rio Pecos in New Mexico on the W. to the head-
waters of the Colorado, Brazos, and Red Rivers on the E.. and
from the valley of the Canadian on the N. to the Pecos on the S.
The surface is arid and the vegetation scanty. The coast is bor-
dered with a chain of low sand islands inclosing a series of bays,
sounds, and lagoons. The most important of these are Galveston,
Matagorda, Espiritu Santo, Aransas, and Corpus Cbristi Bays,
and the Laguna de! Madre. Galveston Bay, the largest, extends
inland from the Gulf 35 m., and admits large shipping. Mata-
gorda Bay and Laguna del Ma Ire, 60 m. and nearly 100 m. long,
42
respectively, are properly sounds running
parallel with the shore. Corpus Christ!
Bay is 20 m. long by 15 m. wide, and Espi-
ritu Santo 20 in. long by 10 m. wide. The
State is well-watered E. of the 100th mer-
idian The Rio Grande, forming the Mex-
ican boundary, is navigable about 500 m.,
and the Rio Pecos, its main tributary,
entering from New Mexico, flows through
► the W. extremity of Texas. The most
important rivers proceeding N. E. above
* the mouth of the Rio Grande run N. W.
. and S. E. The Nueces empties into Corpus
Christ! Bay, the San Antonio and Guada-
lupe into Espiritu Santo Bay, the Lavaca
into Lavaca Bay. and thence into Mata-
gorda Bay, the Colorado into Matagorda
Bay, the Brazos into the Gulf of Mexico,
the San Jacinto and Trinity into Galveston
Bay, and the Neches and Sabine into Sabine
Lake, and thence into the Gulf. Most of
these rivers are navigable for a few miles
only. The Red River rises by several forks
in the N. W. portion of Texas, flows E., and, after crossing the
100th meridian, separates the Slate from the Indian Territory
and Arkansas, entering the latter State. With occasional ob-
structions it is navigable most of its length. Its main Texan
tributary is the Big Wichita. The N. W. extremity, the " Pan-
Handle,” is cut by the Canadian River, which flow’s from New
Mexico into the Indian Territory. The principal mountains are
between the Pecos and Rio Grande, and are known as the Gua-
dalupe, Sierra Hueea, Eagle. Sierra Blanca, and Apache, attain-
ing an occasional elevation of between 5,000 and 6,000 ft.
Natural Resources. — Grazing and agriculture are the most
important interests. Cattle-raising has increased to an enor-
mous industry, the natural grasses of the State being of the most
sweet and nutritious character. Cotton, sugar, corn, wheat, oats,
and most of the other cereals flourish luxuriantly. The yield of
fruit and vegetables in great variety is large. The timber-region
produces many valuable hard woods, and includes a valuable pine-
belt. The mineral resources include coal, iron, salt, sulphur, and
brick-clay, but the first and last named only have been developed
to any noticeable extent.
Climate. -The climate is mild and salubrious, less enervating
than that of any other Gulf State. Northers (cool, dry winds)
occur nearly every week from October to May. The mean an-
nual temperature in the S. W. Is about 72° ; about the parallel of
Austin, 68° ; and in the N., on the Red River, about 00°. In the
extreme N. W. the mean temperature falls to 50°. The ther-
mometer seldom in any part of the State sinks below 25°, or rises
above 95°. The annual rainfall, according to location, ranges
from 10 to 50 in.
Principal Places Austin, the capital, and seat of the most
important public institutions; Galveston, the commercial me-
tropolis and leading city ; Brownsville, entrepot of S. E. Texas ;
Dallas, a manufacturing and railway center : Forth Worth, an
important town of N. Texas ; Houston, first city in manufactures,
and third in population and commerce ; Marshall, a railway and
commercial center of N. E. Texas ; San Antonio, chief city of IN’.
Texas, and oldest town in the State ; Sherman, trading and manu-
facturing center in N. Texas ; and Waco, emporium of an impor-
tant agricultural section in N. Texas.
Population The U. S. census of 1880 gave a total of 1,591,-
749; male. 837,840; female, 753,909; native, 1,477,133; foreign,
114,616; white. 1,197,2137; colored, 393,384; Chinese, 136; Indians,
992. The. population assigned to leading cities was : Austin.
11,103 ; Brenham, 4.101 ; Brownsville, 4,0:38 : Dallas, 10.358 : Fort
Worth, 6,663 ; Galveston, 22,248 : Houston, 16,513 : Marshall, 5,624 ;
San Antonio, 20,550 : Sherman. 6,093 ; Waco. 7,295.
Commerce.—' There are five ports of entry : Brownsville, Cor-
pus Christ!, El Paso. Indianola, and Galveston. Cotton is the prin-
cipal article of export. The imports of Galveston for the year
ending June 30, 1886, amounted to $757,133. and the exports $16,-
966.851. The total imports of the State reached S4.4S7.299. and the
exports $19,061,887. The entrances of vessels for the same period
were 188 of 127,497 tonnage, and the clearances were 188, of
130,149 tonnage. The number of vessels registered, enrolled, and
licensed was 258, of 12,657 tonnage.
Railways.— The mileage in 1885 was 6.687 m., with 5,111 m.
operated. The capital stock was $98.869,930 : the I unded debt,
$136.629,500 ; the total investment, $256,040,309 : and the cost of
roads and equipment, $224,464,292. The gross earnings from pas-
sengers were $4.076,938 ; from freight, $63,428,662 : from all
sources $19,041,126; and net earnings, $5,637,854. The interest
paid on bonds was $4,891,188.
Political The State, congressional, and presidential elec-
tions, on tlie Tuesday after the first Monday in November. The
number of Senators in the State Legislature is 31, and that of Rep-
resentatives, 106 : the former elected for four years, and the latter
for two years. The legislative sessions are biennial in odd-num-
bered years, meeting on tlie second Tuesday in January, and the
limit is sixty days. All the executive state officers serve two
years, and tlie judiciary are elected for six years. Soldiers, idiots,
lunatics, convicts, and paupers are excluded from the franchise.
The number of electoral votes is 13, and the number of voters in
1880 was 380,376.
Finances. — The amount of State debt. Nov. 1, 1885, was $4,237,-
730 in State bonds carrying 4, 5, and 7 per cent interest. State re-
ceipts for the year ending Sept. 1. 1880, were $2,114,031, and the
expenditures were $1,635,410. The amount raised by taxation for
the same year was 1.538,913 (one fourth of which was transferred
to the school-fund). The amount of taxable property, on which
taxes were raised was, real, $347,846,953 ; personal, $214,256,370 %
TEXAS.
railroad, $40,451 ,870 ; telegraph, $505,720 ; total, 8603,060,017. The
estimated true valuation of property in 1880 was 8735,000,000, a
per capita rate of $435. The public domain of Texas (which alone
of all the States kept control of its public lands on its admission
to the Union) still embraces more than 07,000,000 acres, or a terri-
tory larger than the entire surface of any other State in the
Union except California and Nevada.
Kducational.— The latest available school statistics of Texas
(1884) gave 344,805 pupils enrolled. The total expenses of the
school system were $1,001,476, which was the full annual income.
The statistics of illiteracy in 1880 gave, out of 1,064,196 persons
over ten years old, 356,338 who could not read, and 316,432 who
could not write. There are nine colleges, which, in 1885, had 93
instructors and 1,548 students. The income was $105,852 ; the
number of books in libraries, 12,926 ; and the value of grounds,
buildings, apparatus, etc., $180,000. The more important colleges
are : University of St. Mary, Galveston ; Waco University, Waco ;
Salado College, Salado ; Trinity University, Tehuacana ; and
Henderson College, Henderson.
Agriculture.— The number of farms in 1880 was 174,184; the
area of farming-land 36,303,454 acres, anti the valuation $170,408,-
886. Out of a population of 1,004,196 over ten years, 359,317 were
engaged in agriculture, being more than three fifths of the work-
ing population. The average value per acre of cleared land was
$8.98, and of wood-land, $4. The standard crops for 1885 were re-
ported by the U. S. Bureau of Agriculture as follows :
CLASSES.
Acres.
Bushels.
Value.
Corn
4,090,443
81,406,000
$41,358,940
Wheat
548,468
6,1] 7,000
14,211,000
4,893,600
Oats
512.000
5,258,070
Rye
5,821
41,000
27.3(H)
Barley
7,993
130,000
70,354
Potatoes
9,579
651,000
Tons.
586,235
Hay
88,315
83,899
Bales.
904,431
Cotton
1,332,027
54,613,107
The latest reports attainable of other crops give 4,951 hhds. of
sugar, 13,000 hhds. of molasses, 0,400,079 bu. of sweet-potatoes,
35,528 galls, of wine, and 13,899,300 lbs. of butter. The animals on
farms in 1885 were : Horses, 998,802, value $35,851,406 ; mules, 175,-
515, value $9,566,081 ; milch-cows, 700,876, value $14,220,774 ; oxen
and other cattle, 4,023,177, value $52,298,08? ; sheep, 6,802,615,
value $11,582,812 ; swine, 2,411,727, value $0,656,367.
Manufactures and Mining. — There were, in 1880, 2,990
manufacturing establishments, employing 12,159 hands and $9,-
245,561 capital. The total wages paid were $3,343,087; value of
material, $12,956,269 ; value of products, $20,719,928. The prin-
cipal branches, as given in the U. S. census, were as follows :
CLASSES.
Capital.
Wages paid.
Value of ma-
terial.
Value of
products.
Blacksmithing
$299,465
$180,502
$247,464
$727,079
Boots and shoes
Bread and bakery prod-
100,152
87,223
140,043
372,810
nets
56.150
31,415
147,046
243,418
Brick and tile
183,530
204,429
105,074
448,418
Carpentering
84,405
140,556
331,422
661,370
Carriages and wagons. . .
150,700
92,014
139,000
301,800
Confectionery
Flouring- and grist-mill
85,300
31,830
141,485
241,350
products
Foundry and machine-
3,082,952
368,683
6,371,606
7,617,177
shop products
365,350
149.212
228,151
532,778
Lumber, planed,
143,000
73,775
295,640
456,600
1 .umber, sawed
1.660,952
732,914
2,096,775
3,673,499
Oil, cotton-seed, and cake
220,000
36,272
192,441
276,450
Printing and publishing..
447.900
234,924
207,438
605,000
Saddlery and harness. . . .
286,925
110.576
325,579
587.871
Sash, doors, and blinds..
Slaughtering ami meat-
106,400
49,800
305,200
416,500
packing
Tinware, copperware.
202,200
49,800
280,220
480,400
and sheet-iron
Tobacco, cigars, and ci-
236,730
105,174
259,300
491,420
garettes
31,300
67,556
99,200
263,810
Coal is found in 33 counties, and the area of the coal-fields is
about 6,000 sq. m. The product of 1885 was estimated at about
150.000 long tons. About 2,000 tons of pig-iron were made, and
3,500 tons of ore mined. Valuable sulphur beds are beginning to
be worked to commercial advantage, and the annual yield of salt
will average about 50,000 bu. The manufacture of brick from clay
is beginning to assume some importance, from the discovery of
valuable clay -beds in different sections of the State.
Relative Bank. — 1 Texas ranks among the States first in size,
and eleventh in population. She is first in cotton, cattle, and
sheep ; second in horses ; fifth in corn ; sixth in swine ; and sev-
enth in milch-cows.
CHART SHOWING COTTON-CROPS UNDER FREE AND SLAVE LABOR.
Fifteen Years of Slave Labor.
Fifteen Years of Free Labor.
Season.
1846- 1847
1847- 1848
1848- 1849
1849- 1850
1850- 1851
1851- 1852
1852- 1853
1853- 1854
1854- 1855
1855- 1856
1856- 1857
1857- 1858
1858- 1859
1S59-1860
1860-1861
Bales.
1,860,479
2,424,113
2,808,596
2,171,706
2,415,257
3,090,020
3,352,882
3,055,027
2,932,339
3,645,345
3,056,579
3,238,962
3,994,481
4,823,770
3,826,086
46,675,591
Excess of fifteen free-labor crops, 22,283,026, or nearly one half the total of fifteen crops by slave-labor. Represented on
the same scale By this line :
43
YE R MONT.
Historical. The first white settlement
was made at Brattleboro, in 1724. as a
military station, by the Massachusetts
colonists. It served as a base of opera-
tions during the French wars. Immigra-
tion set in, and in 1768 184 townships had
been granted by Gov. Wentworth, of New
Hampshire, by which colony the fee and
jurisdiction of the soil were claimed. A
counter-claim was made by New York in
1763, and until the outbreak of the Revolu-
tion there was a bitter controversy between
the two colonies over their respective rights
to Vermont. In 1777 the people of Vermont
declared their independence, and, though
admission to the confederacy of States was
sought, it was refused, and Vermont re-
mained outside of the Union till 1791. Dur-
ing the previous year New York had sur-
rendered its claims for a financial con-
sideration. Vermont was the first State to
join the original thirteen. Though not con-
federated with the other colonies against
Great Britain, the “ Green Mountain Boys ”
had signalized their valor and patriotism in a number of hard-
fought battles and expeditions. Among these were the capture
of Ticonderoga by Ethan Allen, the invasion of Canada, the bat-
tles on Lake Champlain, and the two battles near Bennington,
which were the primary cause of Burgoyne's defeat at Saratoga.
Geographical. — Vermont has an area of 9,565 sq. m., being
150 m. long and 35 m. to 50 m. in breadth. It is divided into 14
counties, and is bounded N. by Canada ; E. by New Hampshire,
from which it is separated by the Connecticut River ; S. by Massa-
chusetts ; and W. by New York and Lake Champlain, of which
two thirds lie within the State. The surface of the State is beau-
tifully diversified by hills and valleys, gentle aclivities, elevated
plateaus, and mountains. The Green Mountain range runs from
the S. boundary in a northerly direction to about midway of the
State, where it divides into t wo chains, both of which incline to
the N. E., one extending to the Canada line and the other to the
New Hampshire line. These mountains have rounded, grassy
summits, the greenness of which gives their name. The E. part of
the State is drained by the affluents of the Connecticut, the Pas-
sumpsic, Wells, White. Black, West, and Deerfield Rivers. Among
the streams on the W. slope of the water-shed, the most impor-
tant are Otter Creek, Winooski, Samoille, and Missisquo Rivers.
Two or three small streams empty into Lake Memphremagog, on
the Canada border. The rivers are not navigable, but most of
them are valuable for water-power. There are numerous small
lakes, the principal being I.akes Willoughby, Maidstone, Seymour,
Dunmore, Austin, and Bombazine. There are several islands in
Lake Memphremagog and in Lake Champlain belonging to the
State, the largest of which, located in the latter. North and South
Hero and Isle la Motte, together with the peninsula of Alburg,
constituting Grand Isle County. The water-front on Lake Chain-
plain is over 100 m. long, the principal port being Burlington, and
gives opportunity for a considerable commerce.
Natural Resources The State produces all the cereals, but
is more specially adapted to stock and dairy-farming. It is nota-
ble for its maple-sugar. Its hard-wood forests furnish the raw
material of many valuable industries. The leading features of
its mineral resources are marble, in which the State leads in pro-
duction both as to quant ity and quality, and slate ; though copper,
iron pyrites, potter's clay, and soapstone are also found. The
marble-quarries of the State are noted, and employ much capital
and many laborers.
Climate. ^The climate is severe in winter, but, owing to the
steadiness of the cold, remarkably healthful. At Burlington, on
Lake Champlain, the winter temperature is from 18° to 33°, that
of summer from 66° to 71° ; at Lunenburg, in the E. part of the
State, on the same parallel, about 44° 30', but located in the mount-
ain-region. the average for winter is about 17°, and that of sum-
mer about 60°. The rainfall varies, according to location, from
35 to 40 in.
Principal Places Montpelier, the capital ; Brattleboro, old-
est town in the State ; Bennington, manufacturing and railway
center ; Burlington, on Lake Champlain, the leading lumber-mart
and sole port of entry ; Rutland, largest city, and celebrated for
its marble-quarries ; St. Albans, on Lake Champlain, a railroad
and commercial center : and St. Johnsbury, an important manu-
facturing town, seat of the largest scale-works in the world.
Population.— (Census of 1880): Total, 382,386 ; male, 166,887 ;
female, 165,399: native, 291,327; foreign, 40,959; white, 331,218;
colored, 1,057; Indians. 11. Leading towns: Brattleboro, 5,880;
Bennington, 6,333; Burlington. 11,365 ; Colchester, 4,421 ; Rutland,
12,149 ; St. Albans, 7,193 ; St. Johnsbury, 5,800.
Commerce. — The port of entry is Burlington, on Lake Cham-
plain, through which considerable foreign commerce is done. The
imports for the yearending June 30, 1886. were S5.919.456 ; and the
exports were $1,529,801. The entrances of vessels were 663, of
93,315 tonnage ; and the clearances 609, of 87.259 tonnage. There
were 9 vessels, of 2.333 tonnage, enrolled.
Railroads. — The mileage of railroads in 1885 was 947 m.. of
which 787 m. were operated. The capital stock was $24,548,300 :
the funded debt, $14,113,000 ; the total investment, $40,832,767; and
the cost of roads and equipment, $37,932,276. Gross earnings from
passengers were $1,292.517 : from freight, $2,471,149 ; from all
sources, $3,940,064. Net earnings were $1,143,590 : interest paid
on bonds, $387,738 ; and dividends paid on stock, $242,572.
44
Finances — There is no State debt, ex-
cept $135,000 6-per-cent bonds issued to the
Agricultural College fund. The State re-
ceipts for the year ending Aug. 1. 1886.
were $518,461 : and the expenditures were
$380,646. The amount raised by taxation
was $371,697, of which $21X1, 085 was derived
from taxes on corporations, anti $171,011
from taxes on personal property. The
amount of taxable property as assessed in
1886 was, real. $107,264,605 ; personal, $49,
927,597 ; total. 157,192,962.
Educational. — There were 71.059 pu-
pils enrolled in the public schools, in 1885,
and the average daily attendance was 49,-
031 . The salaries of teachers were $443,903,
and the total school expenses $611,503, The
State has two colleges — the University of
Vermont, including the State Agricultural
College, at Burlington ; and Middlebury
College, at Middlebury. In 1885 they had 12
instructors and 160 students ; an income
of $26,788 ; 37,000 books in their libraries ;
and property to the amount of $345,000.
Political State elections are held on the first Tuesday in
September, congressional and presidential on the first Tuesday
after the first Monday in November. There are 30 Senators anil
240 Representatives, elected for two years, and the legislative ses-
sions are biennial in even-numbered years, without limit of time,
and meeting on the first Wednesday in October. State officers are
elected for two years. There are four electoral votes, and there
were 95,621 voters in 1880.
Agriculture. — The number of farms in 1880 was 35,522. and
the farming area 1,882.588 acres, valued at $109,346,010, and em-
ploying 55,251 people, or nearly one half of the working popula-
tion. The average value per acre of cleared land was S15.28 : and
of wood-land, $17.73. The return of the staple crops in 1885, ac-
cording to the report of the U. S. Bureau of Agriculture, was as
follows :
CLASSES.
Acres.
Bushels.
Value.
Corn
61.488
1.979,000
Sl .266.560
Wheat
22,007
390,000
432,900
Oats
104.565
3,806,000
1,408,220
Rye
6.418
85,000
62,691
Barley
11,711
295.000
206.582
Buckwheat
17.862
366.000
194.071
Potatoes
37,304
3,656,000
Tons.
1,279.527
Hay
1,003,000
902,700
9,929,700
The latest available reports of other products give cheese. 6,121.130
lbs., and butter, 25,245,826 lbs. The animals on farms in 1885 were,
horses, 79,202, value $6,627,271 : milch-cows, 218,940. value $0,268.-
252 ; oxen and other cattle, 176,808, value $4,607,683 ; sheep. 378,174,
value $1,082,034 ; and swine. 74,115, value $511,112.
Manufactures anti Mining According to the census of
1880, there were 2,874 establishments in Vermont, employing 17.540
hands and $23,265,224 capital. The total amount paid in wages
was $5,164,179 ; the value of materials, $18,330,677 : and the value
of products, $31,354,366.
branches :
The following table gives the leading
CLASSES.
Capital.
Wages paid.
Value of ma-
terial.
Value of
product.
Agricultural implements
$640,900
$165,894
$357,639
$71 8.455
Boots and shoes
190,575
107,562
364,590
565.415
Cotton goods
956,096
173,748
555,297
915,864
Flouring- and grist-mill
products
1,152,461
81.589
2.602,641
3,038.688
Foundry and machine-
shop products
1,137,675
243,426
326.770
783,828
Leather, tanned
433,300
62,461
838,426
1,084,503
Lumber, planed
854.800
170,948
2,371,512
2,709,522
Lumber, sawed
3,274,250
426,953
2.021.868
3,258,816
Marble and stone work.
904.575
394,400
535,837
1,303.790
Mixed textiles
776.000
190,775
815,910
1.277,903
Musical instruments, or-
gans, etc
803,000
206.200
304,500
680.800
Paper
785.500
189,889
556.607
1.237.484
Scales and balances —
3.051,481
410,786
215,215
2,080,474
Tinware, copper-ware,
and sheet-iron
291,300
94,966
216,690
429,715
Woolen goods
544,138
2,012,490
3.217.807
The annual value of the marble product is about $3,500,000.
The latest reported yield of the slate-quarries, 13.000,000 sq. ft.
(1885), was estimated at upward of $1,000,000. The State in 1882
produced 1,265,000 lbs. of copper, which fell to 655.405 lbs. in 1884.
The mining and smelting of iron-ore have of late years become
almost extinct, though the State is rich in iron deposits.
Relative Rank The State is thirty-first in area and thirty-
second in population. It also ranks first in marble and maple-
sugar, and sixth in copper.
VIRGINIA.
Historical. The name Virginia, origi-
nally bestowed by Queen Elizabeth in 1584
on the region now known as North Caro-
lina, discovered by Sir Walter Raleigh’s
expedition, was afterward applied to the
whole country to 45° N. In 1606 James I
gave to the London Company, which made
the first permanent settlement of the Eng-
lish in America at Jamestown the year
after, the country from 84° to 88“ N., ex-
tending 100 miles from the sea. The col-
ony was saved from ruin by Capt. John
Smith two years later. Colonization in-
creased rapidly, and in 1621 a legislative
body was formed. In 1641 there were 15,000
English in the colony. In 1676 occurre
Bacon's rebellion, brought on by the tyr-
anny of Sir William Berkeley, the Gover-
nor. The French War of 1754, of which
Braddock’s defeat was the most notable
incident, first brought George Washington
into notice. Virginia, under the leadership
of Patrick Henry, was the first to protest
against British oppression in 1761, and sent
representatives to the Continental Congress in 1775. The most
important military event during the Revolutionary War, in Vir-
ginia, was the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, Oct. 11),
1781. Virginia passed an ordinance of secession, April 17, 1861,
and in the war that followed became the bloodiest cock-pit of
the whole contest. The most important battles were Bull Run,
July 21, 1861; Winchester, May 25, 1862; the battles of the
Peninsular campaign in the summer of 1862 ; second battle of
Bull Run, Aug. 29, 1862 ; Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862 : Chan-
cellorsville. May 2-4. 1863 ; the battles of the Wilderness cam-
paign in 1864, ending in the investment of Petersburg and Rich-
mond, and the final surrender of Gen. Lee at Appomattox Court-
House, April 9. 1865. The State was readmitted Jan. 27, 1870.
Geographical.— The area of the State is 42,450 sq. m., being
410 m. in its greatest length E. and W., and 190 m. in its greatest
breadth. It. is divided into 99 counties, and is bounded N. by
West Virginia and Maryland ; E. by Maryland and the Atlantic
Ocean ; S. by North Carolina and Tennessee ; and W. by Ken-
tucky and West Virginia. The territory of the State presents six
natural sections, occupying different levels, and rising to the W.
like a series of terraces. Tide-water Virginia covers an area of
11,350 sq. m., borders for 110 miles on the Atlantic, has 2.500 m. of
tidal waters, and is penetrated by the Chesapeake Bay and its
tributaries, giving 1,500 m. of tidal shore-line. The middle region
is an undulating plain from 200 to 500 feet in height, extending
W. to the foot-hills of the Appalachian system, and comprising
about 12,470 sq. miles. The Piedmont section extends to the foot
of the Blue Ridge, and is about 244 m. long and 25 m. wide, with
an area of 6,000 sq. m. The Blue Ridge, a mountain-range rising
from 2,000 to 4,000 ft., stretches across the State in a S. W. direc-
tion. and comprises about 2.500 sq. m. The Valley region is a
broad belt of rolling country, diversified by hills, valleys, and riv-
ers. lying bet ween the Blue Ridge and the Alleghany ranges, con-
taining the valleys of five rivers— the Shenandoah, James, Roa-
noke. Kanawha, and Holston — and including 5,000 sq. m. The Ap-
palachian division is the mountainous section traversed by the
Alleghany ranges, and the W. part of the State, comprising 7,680
sq. m. All these sections vary in soil, climate, and productions.
The most important rivers are the Potomac, separating Virginia
from Maryland, navigable to Alexandria ; and the James, with
its extensive network of tributary rivers and streams, navigable to
Richmond about 100 m., both of which empty into Chesapeake Ba y.
Natural Resources.— The State is favorable to a great
variety of crops. Cereals, fruits, and tobacco are staple produc-
tions, while cotton, flax, and hemp also flourish. The more ele-
vated regions are unsurpassed for grazing purposes, and the
forest wealth is great. The mineral products are iron, coal,
gold, copper, lead, zinc, granite and other building-stones, clay,
plumbago, manganese, gypsum, and salt.
Climate According to locality, the summer temperature
varies from an average of 68° to 80°! and the winter temperature
from 35° to 48°. The annual rainfall ranges from 40 to 55 in.
Principal Places Richmond, the capital, largest city, and
formerly capital of the Confederacy : Alexandria, manufacturing
and commercial center ; Danville and Lynchburg, principal to-
bacco-marts ; Norfolk, second largest city, emporium of S. E.
Virginia, and principal port of entry ; Portsmouth, sister city to
Norfolk, seat of a U. S. navy-yard ; Petersburg, a thriving com-
mercial center, famous in the history of the late war ; and Staun-
ton, emporium of the Valley region.
Population. — (Census of 1880) : Total, 1,512,565 ; male, 745,-
589 ; female, 766,976 ; native, 1,497,869 ; foreign, 14,696 ; white,
880,858 ; colored, 631,616 ; Chinese, 6 ; Indians, 85 : slaves in 1860,
490,865. Leading places : Alexandria, 13,659 ; Danville, 7.526 ;
Lynchburg, 15,595 : Norfolk, 21,966 ; Petersburg, 21,656 ; Ports-
mouth, 11,390; Richmond, 63,600 ; Staunton, 6,664.
Commerce.— The ports of entry are: Alexandria, Norfolk
and Portsmouth. Richmond, Yorktown, Petersburg, Tappahan-
nock, and Crisfield. The imports for the year ending June 30, 1886,
were $136,504, and the exports $18,850,012. The entrances of ves-
sels were 132, of 95,073 tonnage, and the clearances 341, of 403.297
tonnage. There were 1,264 vessels, of 42,256 tonnage, registered,
enrolled, and licensed.
Fisheries. — The sea-fisheries in 1880 employed a capital of
$407,435, 2.457 hands, and 1,558 boats and vessels, and the products
were valued at $633,240. In the river-fisheries 2,641 persons and
1,278 vessels and boats were employed. The capital invested was
$264,762, and the product $272,828.' In the oyster industry there
were engaged 16,315 persons, 5,798 vessels, and a capital of $1,351,-
000. The oysters taken were 6,837,200 bu. ; value, $2,218,376.
45
Finances.— The total amount of State
debt. Oct. 1, 1 886, was $31,415,612 ; $10,000,-
000 at 3 per cent, and the rest at 6 per cent.
Receipts for the year were $2,773,437, and
expenditures $2,755,036. The amount raised
by taxation was $1,366,943. The amount
of taxable property as assessed in 1885
was, real, $262,956,697 ; personal, $84,884,270 :
lotal. $347,840,967. Other faxes yielded
$766,066, of which $220,000 went to" school
purposes.
Educational. The number of pupils
enrolled in schools was 303,343, and the
average daily attendance was 176,469. The
total expenses were $1,424,532, and the sala-
ries paid to teachers SI ,000.621. There are
seven colleges, which, in 1885, had 85 in-
structors and 1,118 students. The income
was $75,973, the volumes in the libraries
87,150, and the property in real estate, ap-
paratus, etc.. $1,635,000. The principal in-
stitutions are the University of Virginia, at
Charlottesville; Washington and Lee Uni-
versity: College of William and Mary, at
Williamsburg; and the Virginia Military Institute, at Lexington.
Railways The mileage in the State in 1885 was 2,693, and
there were 3,405 m. operated. The capital stock was $90,055,075 ;
funded debt, $100,832,545 : total investment, $211,649,732 : and cost
of road and equipment, $190,294,411. Gross earnings from pas-
sengers were $3,982,148; from freight, $10,087,235 ; from till sources,
$15,312,564 ; and net earnings, $5,306,583. Interest paid on bonds
was $3,486,974 ; and dividends paid on stocks, $290,609.
Agriculture.— In 1880 the number of farms was 118,517, the
adreage 19,910,700, valuation $216,028,107. The number of persons
engaged in agriculture was 254,099, or a little over one half of the
working population. The staple crops for 1885 are given :
CLASSES.
Acres.
Bushels.
Value.
Corn
2.132.230
31,838.000
$14,963,860
Wheat
651.140
2,833,000
2,634,690
Oats
621.230
8,664,000
3,552,240
Rye
48,216
323.000
214.441
Barley
1.175
20.000
12.984
Buckwheat
20.734
1 87.000 1
113,8:10
Potatoes
35,037
2.102.000 j
Tons.
1,072,132
Hay
295,930
251,541
Lbs.
3,310,464
Tobacco
164,445
107,711,000
Bales.
7,970,649
Cotton
44,913
14,821
579.501
Other products were peanuts, valued at $1,500,000 : and fruits
and vegetables shipped from Virginia ports, value $3,985,000. The
animals on farms were: Horses 233,871, value $16,267,009 ; mules
34,342, value $2,937,296 : milch-cows 247.807, value $5,404,071 ; oxen
and other cattle 423,803, value $7,804,759 ; sheep 463,127, value
$1,035,922 : swine 875,256, value $3,206,063.
Manufactures and Mining.— In 1880 there were 5,710 manu-
facturing establishments, employing 40,184 hands and $26,968,990
capital. The total amount of wages paid was $7,425,261 : the
value of materials, $32,873,933 : and the value of products, $51,-
810.692. The principal branches are added :
CLASSES.
Capital.
W ages
paid.
Value of
material.
Value of
product.
Cotton goods
$1,190,100
$169,789
$640,391
$1,040,962
Flouring- and grist-mill
products
5,791,137
409,639
10,574,211
12,210,272
Foundry and machine-
shop products
707,400
396,997
663,167
1,361,231
Iron and steel
4,329,713
665.432
1,496,151
2,585.999
Leather, tanned
658,973
80.251
706.333
1,011.830
Lumber, sawed
2,122,925
540,231
1,983,777
3,434,163
Slaughtering and meat-
967,900
1,054,500
packing
Tin, copper-ware, and
sheet-iron
89,000
13,750
608.150
315,398
233,215
134,078
Tobacco, chewing, smok-
13,231,038
ing, and snuff
3,551,100
1,859,447
7,705,717
483,953
Tobacco, cigars, and
210,468
cigarettes
182,080
115,230
1,074,005
Tobacco-stem ming
435.184
81.215
767.973
Woolen goods
456,750
71,720
383,080
The product of coal in 1885 was 567,000 long tons : pig-iron. 163,-
782 short tons ; manganese. 11.745 long tons; mineral fertilizers,
40,000 short tons ; gypsum, 10.U00 short tons ; pyrites, 13,000 short
tons ; latest reported product of zinc, 10,448 long tons ; and of
lead, 11,200 long tons.
Political State, congressional, and presidential elections
are held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. The
State Legislature is made up of 40 Senators elected for four years,
and of 100 Representatives elected for two years. The sessions
are biennial, in odd-numbered years— limit of ninety days— and
convening on the first Wednesday in December. The number of
electoral votes is 12. and in 1880 there were 334,505 voters.
Relative Rank Virginia is twenty-second in size, and four-
teenth in population. She ranks second in tobacco and oyster-
fisheries, fifth in pig-iron, seventh in general fisheries, eighth in
salt, and tenth in cotton.
VlllGINI
WEST VIRGINIA
Historical.— Immediately after the or-
dinance of secession, passed by Virginia in
April, 1861, a mass- meeting of citizens con-
vened at Clarksburg, and denounced the
action of the convention, recommending
the citizens of N. W. Virginia to meet in
convention at Wheeling on May 13th. Other
meetings sustained the movement, and
delegates from 25 western counties met in
convention, denounced the action of Vir-
ginia, and provided for a convention of all
the counties of the State adhering to the
Union. The latter convention repudiated
the action of Virginia, and elected Francis
H. Pierpont as Governor of the reorgan-
ized State of Virginia. The ultimate re-
sult was the formation of the new State
under the title of West Virginia, and in 1803
the State was admitted to the Union. Mili-
tary operations in what is now known as
West Virginia were mostly confined to
1661, and the most important engage-
ments were at Philippi, Beverly, Rich
Mountain, Cheat Mountain, and Carnifex
Ferry.
Geographical.— The State has an area of 24,780 sq. m., and
is 240 m. long N. and S., and 160 m. in the greatest breadth. It is
divided into 54 counties, and is bounded N. by Pennsylvania and
Maryland ; E., S. E., and S. by Virginia : and W. by Kentucky,
from which it is divided by Ihe Big Sandy River, and Ohio, from
which it is divided by the Ohio River. West Virginia is a hilly
and mountainous region, but the hills are mostly fertile to the
tops. The Alleghany ranges, extending along the E. border of the
State, present the highest levels. Parallel on the W., and distant
from 20 to 40 m., is a series of ridges and mountains, which are a
continuation of the Cumberland Mountains, embracing what are
locally known as Flat Top, Cotton- Hill, Greenbrier, Gauley, Birch,
and Rich Mountains, Laurel Hill, etc. The country slopes W. to
the Ohio, and, excepting the Potomac— which partly separates
this State from Maryland— and its affluents, the rivers of West
Virginia are tributary to the Ohio. The chief streams are the
Big Sandy, Guyaudotte, Great Kanawha, Little Kanawha, and
Monongahela, all of which are navigable. The most important
tributaries of the Great Kanawha are the Greenbrier, Gauley,
and Elk Rivers on the N., and Coal River on the S. The Monon-
gahela is formed in the N. part of the State by the confluence of
its W. branch and Tygart’s Valley River, which runs N. Its prin-
cipal affluent is the Cheat River, which rises near the source of
the S. branch of the Potomac. In the,N. E. part of the State the
N. and S. branches of the Potomac flow N. to form that river.
All these streams furnish excellent water-power. That at Har-
per’s Ferry, formerly used by the United States Government in
the manufacture of arms, is the most conspicuous, though many
other waterfalls and rapids in the State are not inferior in capa-
city. There is a system of locks and dams in the Little Kanawha.
Natural Resources — The soil and climate are well adapted
to the growth of cereals, to cattle and dairy farming, and fruit-
culture. Forests of hard-wood timber make an active lumber-
trade, and there is also an extensive pine-region. In mineral re-
sources the State is rich. Iron, coal, limestone, petroleum, salt,
marble, alum, copperas, etc., abound in the State, though their
development is almost in its infancy. Fire- and potter’s clay are
common, and sandstones, grindstones, and buhrstones are found
in many sections. The mineral springs are numerous and valu-
able. Principal among these are the White and Sulphur Springs
in Greenbrier County : the Red, Salt, and Sweet Sulphur in Mon-
roe County : the Berkeley Springs in Morgan County ; the Capon
Springs in Hampshire County ; and the Shannondale Springs in
Jefferson County.
Climate — The climate is salubrious and agreeable. At Mor-
gantown, in the N. E. part of the State, the winter temperature
ranges from 34° to 42°, and that of summer from 70° to 75°. The
annual rainfall is from 43 to 45 in. In the S. part of the State the
thermometer ranges from 2° to 5° higher.
Principal Places. — Charleston, the capital; Martinsburg,
railroad and manufactur ng center ; Parkersburg, notable for its
petroleum and iron interests ; Wheeling, metropolis of the State.
Population.— (Census of 1880): Total, 618.457 ; male, 314,495;
female, 303,962 ; native, 600,192 ; foreign, 18,265 ; white, 592,537 ;
colored, 25,886 ; Indians, 29 ; slaves in 1860, 18,371. Leading towns :
Charleston, 4,192 ; Martinsburg, 6,335 ; Parkersburg, 6,582 ; Wheel-
ing, 30,737.
Commerce. — Wheeling and Parkersburg are interior ports of
delivery in the Louisiana customs district. The trade of the State
is entirely interior and domestic. There were 101 vessels, of 10,-
475 tonnage, enrolled and licensed in the river-trade for the year
ending June 30, 1886.
Railroads. — In 1885 the mileage was 1,039 m., the miles
operated 244. The capital stock was $15,377,672 ; funded debt,
$7,346,000 ; total investment, 23,907,821 ; cost of road and equip-
ment, $17,623,152. The receipts from passenger-traffic were
$255,870 ; from freight, $586, 896 ; from all sources, $873,319. The
net earnings were $147,275 : the interest paid on bonds, $286,735 ;
and the dividend paid on stocks, $18,030.
46
Agriculture.— The number of farms
in 1881) was 62.674. the acreage 10.225,341,
and the value $133,147,175. There were
107,578 persons engaged in agriculture,
more than 60 per cent of the working
population. The average value per acre of
cleared land was $21.05, and that of wood-
land, $9.39. The staple crops for 1885 are
subjoined :
CLASSES.
Acret.
Bushels.
Value.
(lorn
665,409
15,827,000
$6,333,800
Wheat
208,961
1,493,000
1,507,930
Oats. . . .
138,039
2,831 ,000
990,850
Rye
17,7 ii
578
89,1)00
62,104
Barley . . .
9,000i
4,959
Buckwheat
39,881
413,000
251,915
Potatoes . .
27.609
1,933,000
Ton*.
831,031
Hay
353,465
289,841
Lbs.
3,307,086
Tobacco. . .
4,190
2,782,000
211,444
The animals on farms in 1885 were: Horses 131,621, value
$8,008,848 ; mules 6,412, value $484,106 : milch-cows 166.2.52. value
$4,226,126 ; oxeu and other cattle 289,519, value $5,220,327; sheep
624, til 2, value $1,174,210 ; swine 416,133, value $1,522,133.
Manufactures and Mining.— There were 2.375 manufactur-
ing establishments in 1880, which employed 14,351 hands and
$13,883,390 capital. The total amount paid in wages was $4,313,-
965 : the value of material $14,027, 388 ; and the value of the prod-
uct $22,867,126. Some of the principal branches are shown :
CLASSES.
Capital.
Wages paid.
Value of
material.
Value of
product.
Carriages and wagons .
$251,000
$69,160
$166,486
$341,025
( 'lathing, men's
119,150
71,790
153,950
312.784
Coke
330,000
48,942
138,964
216.588
Cooperage
Flouring- and grist-
66,876
100,767
152,800
306,147
mill products
Foundry and machine-
1,777,297
140,508
3,384,797
3,942,718
shop products
388,300
15R.474
168,921
466,862
Glass
550,522
311,650
208,064
748,500
Iron and steel
3,913,616
1,541,816
3,484.625
6,054,032
Leather, curried
229,535
48.810
586,755
725,010
Leather, tanned
515, 885
99,338
1,089,620
1,451.528
Lumber, sawed
1,668,920
459,945
1,375.372
2.431,857
Salt
Tobacco, cigars, and
910,500
160,227
192,113
380,309
cigarettes
167.815
111.739
258.830
452,993
Woolen goods
293.170
44,161
245,843
356,966
The coal product of the State in 1885 was 3.008,091 long tons,
valued at $3,369,062. Its production of pig-iron was 69.007 long
tons. Up to 1876 the State had yielded 3,000,000 bbls. of oil. hut of
late years the product has greatly fallen off. Natural gas is being
developed, though the commercial results are not as yet impor-
tant, The salt produced in the State in 1885 was 223,184 bbls.;
bromine, 85,000 lbs. ; and mineral fertilizers, 3,000 long tons.
Relative Rank — West Virginia stands twenty-ninth in both
area and population. It ranks fifth in coal, salt, and buckwheat,
sixth in petroleum, and tenth in iron, according to the latest at-
tainable statistics.
Finances.— The State has no debt, except the unadjusted
portion of the old debt of Virginia before the division, one third
of which has been set off to West Virginia, but is disputed by the
latter State. State receipts for the year ending Oct. 1, 1886, were
$1,167,514, and the State expenditures $979,693. The ajnount of
taxable property, as assessed in 1886, was : Real, $116,746,529 ; per-
sonal. $42,768,223 ; railroad. $14,488,758 ; total. $174,003,510. The
amount raised by taxation for the year ending Oct. 1. 1886. was
$766,205. The capitation-tax for school purposes produced $120.-
715 in 1880.
Political. — State elections are held on second Tuesday in Oc-
tober ; congressional and presidential on the Tuesday after the
first Monday in November. The Legislature, elected every two
years, consists of 26 Senators and 65 Representatives. The ses-
sions are biennial, in odd-numbered years, and the limit is forty-
five days. The Governor and State "officers are elected for four
years. " The number of electoral votes is six, and the number of
voters in 1880 was 139,161.
Educational There were enrolled in the schools in 1885
171,533 pupils, and the average daily attendance was 109,177. The
school expenses were $699,331, and the salaries of teachers $556,-
941. There are two colleges, which, in 1885, had 22 instructors
and 112 students. The income was $6,948, the number of volumes
in the libraries was 7,000, and the value of grounds, buildings, and
apparatus $275,000. The more important of these is the West Vir-
ginia University, at Morgantown.
3ir
fey
WISCONSIN
Historical. — The name is derived from
the river Wisconsin (originally used with
the French orthography, (Juisconsin), from
an Indian word, meaning “ wild, rushing
river.” The Territory of Wisconsin was
formed in 1830 out of lands then comprised
in the Territory of Michigan. It embraced
all the land now within the States of Iowa,
Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and that part of
the Territory of Dakota which lies K. of the
Missouri anil White Earth Rivers. In 1838
all the territory W. of the Mississippi Riv-
er, and of a line due N. from the source of
that river to the international boundary-
line, was taken to form the Territory of
Iowa. As thus bounded, Wisconsin became
a State in 1848, the seventeenth admitted
under the Federal Constitution.
Geographical. —The area of the State
is 56,040 sq. in., the greatest length being
300 m., and the greatest breadth 360 m. It
is divided into 03 counties, and is bounded
N. by Lake Superior ; N. E. by Michigan ;
E. by Lake Michigan; S. by Illinois; and
W. by Iowa and Minnesota. The Montreal and Menomonee Rivers
form part of the boundary-line with Michigan ; and the Mississip-
pi and the St. Croix Rivers most of the W. boundary-line. The
surface ot Wisconsin is an undulating plain from 000 to 1,800 ft.
above the ocean. The highest lands are along the sources of the
tributaries of Lake Superior. This water-shed slopes gradually to
the W. line of the State, rapidly to the lake, and more gradually
to the lower Wisconsin River, whence there is another slope to
the S.. drained mostly by the waters of the Rock River and its
tributaries. The cliffs along the E. shore of Green Bay and Lake
Winnebago form a bold escarpment not unlike a mountain-ridge.
From this ridge the country slopes gradually to Lake Michigan.
The Mississippi is the W. boundary for about 250 m., and receives
the waters of the St. Croix, Chippewa, Black, and Wisconsin
Rivers. The river, in its length contiguous to Wisconsin, has a
descent of 5 in. per mile. Other principal rivers are the Rock,
also an affluent to the Mississippi ; the St. Lonis, Bois Brul£, Bad,
and Montreal, flowing into Lake Superior ; the Menomonee, Pesh-
tigo, Oconto, Pensaukee, and Fox, flowing into Green Bay ; and
the Manitowoc, Sheboygan, and Milwaukee, tributaries of Lake
Michigan. At Portage City the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers flow so
near to each other that their waters often commingle. The de-
scent of the Fox River from Lake Winnebago to Green Bay is 162
ft., giving magnificent water-power. Many of the rivers have
beautiful cascades or rapids, and rush through narrow gorges
called dells. Besides the Mississippi, the Wolf and Fox Rivers are
navigable for small steamers. In addition to its many streams,
Wisconsin is famous for its numerous beautiful and picturesque
small lakes from 1 sjp m. to 20 sq. m. in extent. The principal are
Winnebago, St. Croix, Pepin, Poygan, Pewaukee, Geneva, Green,
Ivoshkonong, Oconomowoc, the Four Lakes, etc. On the lake
frontage there are a few excellent harbors, Chequamegon Bay,
Green Bay, and Port Washington being specially good.
Natural Resources — The State ranks among the foremost
in its agriculture, producing all the cereals, root-crops, tobacco,
flax, fruit, etc. Its advantages for cattle and dairy farming are
of the best. Forests are profusely scattered over the State, and
in the N the white pine flourishes so generously that the Wis-
consin pineries are one of the main sources of supply for the lum-
ber-market of the West. Mineral wealth consists of iron, lead,
copper, limestone, clay, and mineral waters.
Climate.— The climate is healthful, and not so much charac-
terized by extremes as would seem inevitable from its latitude.
At Milwaukee the thermometer in summer ranges from 63° to 80°,
and in winter from 19° to 31°. In the N. the winter temperature
is from 5° to 10° lower. The rainfall is from 30 to 35 in.
Principal Places.— Madison, the capital, one of the most
beautiful cities of the West : Milwaukee, the metropolis and lead-
ing commercial city ; Eau Claire, lumber-mart and manufactur-
ing city ; Fond du Lac, manufacturing center : Green Bay, im-
portant lumber and mercantile center for N. Wisconsin ; Janes-
ville, active commercial and manufacturing city ; La Crosse, rail-
way center and most important of the river towns ; Oshkosh,
lumber-center and manufacturing city ; Racine, important com-
mercial, manufacturing, and educational center ; Sheboygan,
lake-port, shipping, and manufacturing city.
Population — (State census of 1885); Total, 1,563.423; male,
811.051 : female, 752,372 : native, 1,060.493 ; foreign, 493,990 ; white,
1,555,152; colored. 5,576: Indians, 2,675. Leading cities: Apple-
ton, 10,927 ; Eau Claire, 21,668 ; Fond du Lac. 12.726 ; Green Bay,
7,111 ; Janesville, 9.941 ; LaCrosse, 21.740; Madison, 12,064 ; Mil-
waukee, 158,509 ; Oshkosh, 22,064 : and Racine, 19,636.
Commerce — Milwaukee is the port of entry, and Depere,
Green Bay, Kenosha, Racine, Sheboygan, and La Crosse are ports
of delivery. The imports for the year ending June 30, 1886, were
$634,329, and the exports $19,000." The foreign commerce, in a
great measure, passes through Chicago and New York. The en-
trances of vessels at Milwaukee were 19, of 6,928 tonnage, and
the clearances 3 vessels, of 1,279 tonnage. The number of vessels
licensed at river and lake ports was 393, of 82,435 tonnage.
Railways. — 1 The mileage in 1885 was 4,418 m., and there were
6,522 m. operated. The capital stock was $90,363,661 : the funded
debt, $135,735,500 ; the total investment, $236,245.336 : and the
cost of road and equipment. $226,446,973. The receipts from pas-
sengers were $6,573,018; from freight, $19,811,452: from all
sources, $28,430,212 ; and the net earnings, $10,933,324. The in-
terest paid on bonds was $6,883,605, and the dividends paid on
stock, $2,403,639.
Agriculture — The State census of 1885
gave the number of farms at 136,108, the
amount of farming area at 16,359,246 acres,
and the value $398,556,146. The number of
persons employed in agriculture was 332,-
501. The staple crops for 1885 were as
follows :
CLASSES
Acre*.
i Bothell.
Value.
Corn
! 1,088.019
32.750.000
$11,1 '15,000
Wheat
1 .362.785
15,605,000
1 1 .905.400
Oats
1.412,474
47.778,000
12,422,280
Rye
176.162
2,107.000
1.120.732
Barley
41.361
1,001 .000
570,534
Buckwheat .
37,473
375,000 1
258,564
Potatoes . . .
107,895;
8,955,000
'i o ».
4,208,984
Hay
1,682, 025 J
1,850,228
Lbs. i
12,951,596
Tobacco
21,127
31.196,000
2,963,225
Other crops, according to the State cen-
sus for the same year, were : Apples, 1,670.848 bu. : cheese, 33.478.-
900 lbs. ; butter, 30,240,431 lbs.; maple-sugar, 166,803 lbs.; honey,
1,432,766 lbs.; sorghum, 599,031 galls.; wool. 6,174,527 lbs.; flax-
seed. 88.218 lbs. Animals on farms were: Horses 396,700, value
$30,957,952; mules 8,010, value $732,995 : milch-cows 555.177. value
$16,181,018: oxen and other cattle 710,053, value $16,489,066;
sheep 1.218.800. value $2,305,969 : swine 1.056.265, value $5,408,282.
Manufactures and Mining.— In 1880 there were 7,674 manu-
facturing establishments, employing 57,109 hands and S73.821.802
capital. The wages paid were $18,814,917.
$85,796,178, and the value of products
principal branches were as follows :
the value of material
128,245.480. Some of the
CLASSES.
Capital.
Wages paid.
Value of
material.
Value of
products.
Agricultural imple-
ments
$3,747,095
$874,667
$1,373,547
$3,742,069
Boots and shoes
1,191,164
674,758
1.704,728
3,025,062
Carpentering
322,437
498,148
946,038
1,721,507
Carriages and wagons
2,771,212
1,135.443
2.403,688
4,350.454
Cheese and butter. . . .
613,613
98.920
1.036,375
1.501.087
Clothing, men's
2,380,403
1,208,752
2,847.660
4,883,797
Cooperage
429.100
518,008
757,266
1,563.208
Flouring- and grist-
mill products
9,199,375
861,302
24,306,982
27.639,430
Foundry and ma-
chine-shop products
2,502,252
1.168.257
1,910,106
3.965.652
Iron and steel
2,843,218
1,004,931
3,8:30.667
6.580,391
Leather, curried
1,299,425
281,412
3,769,914
4.496,729
Leather, tanned
1 ,697.825
337,211
3,367,360
4.324.43:1
Liquors, malt
7,253,205
823,124
3.536,438
6,312,173
Lumber, sawed
19,824,059
2,257,218
12.471.473
17,952.347
Paper
943,000
235,955
773,150
1,277,736
Printing and publish-
ing
729.800
429,777
337,290
1,093,510
Saddlery and harness
494,085
197,249
574.384
1 .064.23.>
Sash, doors, and blinds
1,616,700
636,281
1,715,145
2,975,687
Slaughtering and
meat-packing
959.000
203,805
5,898,483
6,533,926
Tobacco, cigars, and
cigarettes.
424,750
445,504
575,377
1.346.923
Woolen goods
1,349,954
214,993
892,793
1,480.069
According to the State census of 1885, there were 71,185 persons,
employed in manufacturing, and the value of plant and products
was $193,700,167. In mineral products the returns were 24,632 long
tons of pig-iron, 680,435 long tons of iron-ore, about 10,000 short
tons of lead, and 250,000 bbls. of cement.
Relative Rank. — The State is fourteenth in area, and six-
teenth in population. In production she stood (census of 1885r
second in hops and barley ; fourth in oats ; seventh in iron and
steel, potatoes, and tobacco ; eighth in hay and sheep : ninth in
wheat and milch-cows ; tenth in railway mileage ; and eleventh
in general manufactures.
Finances.— The State debt of $2,252,000, at 7 per cent, is an
obligation to the educational fund. State receipts for the year
ending Oct. 1, 1886, were $1,770,265, and State expenditures $1,702,-
463. The amount raised by taxation in 1886 was $889,855. Reve-
nue is mostly raised from licenses and corporations. The amount
of taxable property, as assessed for 1885, was $496,168,504.
Educational in 1885 the number of children enrolled in the
public schools was 321.718, and the daily average attendance 174.-
844. The total expenses were $3,300,455, and the salaries of
teachers $2,065,241. There are eight colleges, which in 1885, had
131 instructors, 1.325 students, an income of $132,690, 54.885 vol-
umes in the libraries, and property amounting to $913,700. The
most important are Beloit College, at Beloit ; Lawrence Univer-
sity, at Appleton : Racine College, at Racine : and University of
Wisconsin, at Madison.
Political. — The State, congressional, and presidential elec-
tions occur on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November.
The Legislature consists of 33 Senators of four-years terms, and
100 Representatives of two-years terms. The sessions are biennial,
in odd-numbered years, meeting second Wednesday in January,
and without limit. The number of electoral votes is 11. and in
1880 the number of voters was 340,482.
48
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r II E T I] R R I T O R IE S.
A laska. The Territory was acquired from Russia by purchase
in 1807. It lias an area Of 577,890 sq. in., anil is hounded N. by the
Arctic Ocean ; S. 10. by British America ; S. by the Pacific Ocean ;
and W. by the Pacific Ocean and Behring Sea. It forms the ex-
treme N. W. portion of the North American Continent, and in-
cludes not only the mainland, but all the islands W. except Behr-
ing and Copper Islands on the Kamschatkan coast. The Yukon,
rising in British Columbia, flows W. across Alaska and empties
into Behring Sea, being more than 1,800 long. Mount St. Elias,
one of a group of lofty volcanic peaks, is the highest mountain on
the continent, 18,500 ft. The climate is much milder than in the
corresponding region on the Atlantic coast. It is little fit for
agriculture except grazing, and, though very rich in mineral re-
sources, these have been but little developed. Its production of
precious metals in 1885 was $808,000. Its fishery and fur interests
are valuable. The latter represent about $2,000,000, and the
former about $100,000 annually. The population in 1880 was 88, 180,
and the principal town is Sitka, the capital and commercial cen-
ter.
Arizona. -Acquired by the Mexican War, Arizona originally
belonged to New' Mexico, and was set off as a separate Territory
in 1863. Its area is 113,080 sq. in.; greatest length, 375 m.; and
breadth, 340 in. It has 11 counties, aud is bounded N. by Utah ;
K. by New Mexico ; S. by Mexico ; and W. by Nevada and Cali-
fornia. Numerous parallel ranges of mountains, the Mogoiiun,
Sierra Blanca, Serbat, etc., run through the Territory in a general
N. W. and S. E. direction. The rest of the Territory consists of
valleys and elevated plateaus. San Francisco Mountain is 11,000
ft. high. The principal rivers are the Colorado and the Gila. The
former passes through the N. W. portion, and runs along the W.
boundary. The Grand Canon, through the walls of which, 7,000
ft. high, the river flows, is one of the wonders of the world. The
climate is temperate but in the S. the summer temperature
sometimes reaches 118° F. The population in 1880 was 35,100, and
that of Tucson, the capital, was 7,00i . The railw ay mileage in
1885 was 006 in. Selected statistics of 1885 are as follows : \\11eat,
303.000 bu. ; corn, 66.000 bu. ; barley, 447,000 bu. ; hay, 22,950 tons ;
horses 9,681, value $513,093; milch-cow's 13,847, value $429,257;
oxen and cattle 238,931, value $4,778,020 ; sheep 896,002, value $1,-
523,203. The mineral production of 1885 was : Copper, 22,706,366
His.; gold, $880,000 ; silver, $3,800,000 ; lead, 3,000 short tons ; salt,
3,500 long tons. Arizona ranks third in copper aud fifth in silver.
Dakota. — This is the next largest of ihe Territories, being
149,100 sq. m. in area ; average length, 450 m. ; breadth, 350 m. It
has 136 counties, and is bounded N. by British America ; E. by
Minnesota, from which it is partly divided by the Red River of
the North, and Iowa ; S. by Nebraska ; and W. by Wyoming and
Montana. The principal rivers are the Missouri, which cuts the
Territory diagonally from N. W. to S. E., and is navigable the
w'hole length ; and the Red River of the North, which forms 250
m of file E. boundary. The Missouri Heights, a low mountain-
chain, run along the Missouri River, aud the Black Hills are in
the S. W. Otherwise the Territory is a land of elevated plains.
The climate ranges from 4° to 27° in winter, aud from 63° to 71° in
summer. The population in 1880 was 135,177 ; in 1885, 415,263.
The principal towns are : Bismarck, the capital ; Fargo, largest
city and metropolis ; Yankton, chief towm of the south ; and
Deadwood, mining-center of the Black Hills. Manufactures in
1880 were as follows : 251 establishments, $771,428 capital, aud
$2,373,970 product. The railway mileage in 1885 was 2,887 m. The
wealth and productiveness of the Territory are shown in the fol-
lowing statistics of 1885 : Corn, 15.345,000 bu. ; wheat, 27.913,000
bu. ; oats, 13,229,000 bu. ; potatoes, 2,700,000 bu. ; hay, 1,375,000 tons ;
horses 206,388, value $16,069,137 ; oxen and cattle 629,145, value
$14,750,060 ; milch-cows 181,345, value $5,610,814; swiue 305,980,
value $1,773,849. The mineral production wrus $3,200,000 in gold,
anil 26,000 tons of coal. The Territory ranks in the United States
third in wheat and fourth in gold.
Idaho.— The territorial organization took place in 1863. The
area is 84,800 sq. m. The length varies from 140 to 485 m„ and the
width from 45 m. to 300 m. It has 15 counties, and is bounded N.
by Canada ; E. by Montana and Wyoming ; S. by Nevada and
Utah ; and W. by Oregon and Washington. Nearly the w'hole of
the Territory is rugged and mountainous, the main Rocky Mount-
ain chain passing through it. It is drained by the Snake and
Salmon Rivers. The population in 1880 was 32,610. The principal
places are : Boise City, capital ; and Florence and Silver City,
mining-towns. The railway mileage is about 800 m. .More than
half the agricultural portions of the Territory are only fit for graz-
ing. The following statistics for 1885 are given : Corn, 41,00 bu. ;
wheat, 1.154,000 bu. : oats, 1.032,000 bu.; hay, 144,383 tons ; milch-
cows, 22,271 ; oxen and cattle, 290,131 ; sheep, 210,375; gold, $1,-
800.000 ; and silver, $3,500,000. The Territory is sixth in the pro-
duction of precious metals.
Indian Territory.— This portion of the Louisiana purchase
was organized in 1834, as a home for peaceful Iudiaus. The area
is 64,690 sq. 111., the length E. aud W. being 470 m., and the breadth
from 35 to 210 m. It is bounded N. by Kansas and Colorado ; E.
by Missouri and Arkansas ; S. by Texas ; and W. by Texas and
New Mexico. The number of nations, agencies, and reservations
is 22, the Cherokees, Seininoles, Creeks, and Chickasaw's being
the chief. The territorial interests are for the most part agricult-
ural and grazing.
Montana. — Formerly a part of Idaho, Montana became a
separate Territory in 1864. Its area is 146,080 sq. m., the length E.
and W. being from 460 to 540 m., and the average v'idth 275 m. It
has 1 1 counties, and is bounded N. by Canada ; E. by Dakota ; S.
by Wyoming : and S. W. and W. hy Idaho. The Territory is
drained by the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers The main chain
of the Rockies occupies the W. part, and transverse spurs pass to
the E. Arable and grazing lands are very extensive. The popu-
48
lation in 1880 was 39,159. The railway mileage in 1880 was 1,017 rn.
The principal places are; Helena, capital, aud Virginia City, a
mining and commercial center. Some statistics of wealtli and
products in 1885 are as follows : Wheat, 1,715,000 bu. : oats, 1,775,-
000 bu.; hay, 156,750 tons; horses 127,050, value $7,568,028; cattle
725,700. value $10,023,156 ; and sheep 718,750, value $1,533,391. The
mineral production in 1885 was: Gold, $3,300,000 ; silver, $10,060.-
000; coal. 77,129 long tons ; copper, 67,797,824 lbs ; and lead. 3.369
long tons. Montana ranks second in silver and third in gold and
copper.
New Mexico. The Territory was organized in 1850, and is
122,580 sq. m. in area, average length being 370 in., and average
breadth 335 m. It has 13 counties, and is bounded N. by Colorado ;
j K by Texas and Indian Territory : S. by Texas and Mexico : and
W. by Arizona. The main chain of the Rockies passes through it,
and il is watered by the Rio Grande and its tributaries. The
climate is very agreeable both iu summer and winter. The prin-
| cipal city and capital is Santa Fe, 0,035 pop., the second oldest
' city in the United States. The population of the Territory in 1880
was 119,965. The railway mileage in 1885 was 1.195 m. Agricult-
ural statistics for 1885 credited the Territory as follows ; Corn,
979,1X10 bu.: wheat, 1,023.000 bu.; oats. 282.00(1 bu. ; hay. 18,900 tons :
milch-cows 17,932, value $460,232 : oxen aud other cattle 1.151.857,
value $20,733,426 ; and sheep 4.328,775. value $6,934,666. The min-
eral products in 1885 were as follows: Gold, $800,000; silver,
$3,000,900: coal. 271,442 long tons: copper. 79,839 lbs.: and lead,
about 5,000 long tons. The rank of New Mexico in production
is fourth in sheep and eighth in the precious metals and iu cattle.
Utah. — First permanent settlements in the Territory were
made by the Mormons under Brigham Young in 1847. Territorial
organization occurred in 18.50. The area is 81,970 sq. 111., the
average length being 350 in. by 260 m. in breadth. There are 24
counties, and the Territory is bounded on the N. by Idaho and
Wyoming : E. by Wyoming and Colorado ; S. by Arizona : aud
W. by Nevada. The principal rivers are the Grand and Green,
which conjoined become the Colorado. The principal mountains
are the Wahsatch, which intersect Utah from N. E. to S. W„ and
the Uintah, which, with other minor chains, are transverse ranges.
Tiie climate ranges from 29° to 40° winter temperature at Salt
Lake City, aud from 69° to 77° in summer. The population in
1880 w as 143,963. The principal cities are : Salt Lake City, capital
and metropolis, pop. 20,708 ; and Ogden, at the junction of the
Pacific roads, pop. 6,007. The railw ay mileage in 1885 was 1,139
m. The manufacturing interests in 1880 included 640 establish-
ments, which employed 2,495 hands and $2,656,657 capital, and
yielded $4,324,992 product. Statistics of agriculture in 1885 are
given: Corn. 409,000 bu. ; wheat, 1.926,000 bu. ; oats. 845, (XX) bu.;
potatoes, 863,000 bu.: hay, 1.59,120 tons: horses 52,464, value $2,-
440,808 : milch-cows 42,013, value $1,296,521 ; oxen and cattle 162,-
846, value $3,888,586; and sheep 651,767. value $1,356,588. The
mineral products in 1885 were : Gold. $180,000 ; silver, $6,750,000 ;
coal, 190.286 long tons; copper. 126.199 lbs.; iron-ore. 9.720 long
tons ; lead, 28,000 short tons : and salt. 15,000 tons. Utah ranks
third in silver, tenth in gold, and fifth iu total production of bull-
ion.
Washington Originally a portion of Oregon, it became a
Territory in 1853. The area is 69,180 sq. m. : the greatest length.
340 in.: greatest bread 1 1 1 , 240 in.; and length of sea-coast line. 180
m. It lias 33 counties, and is bounded N. by Canada : E. by Idaho ;
S. by Oregon, from which the Columbia River partly divides it ;
and W. by the Pacific Ocean. Its mountain-system is a continu-
ation of that of Oregon, consisting of the Coast Range, and more
noticeably of the Cascade Range, which divides the Territory into
two sections, different in climate and character. The highest
peak is Mount Rainer, 14,444 ft. Puget Sound in the N. W. ex-
tends S. 80 m., and is connected with the ocean by the Straits of
Fuca, 80 m. long. Of the many rivers draining the Territory, the
chief are the Columbia and the Snake. The climate on Puget
Sound is from 37° to 44° in winter, and from 59° to 62° in summer.
The population in 1880 was 75,116. The principal places are:
Olympia, the capital. Walla Walla, and Seattle. The railroad
mileage in 1885 was 736 m. The manufactures included 261 estab-
lishments in 1880, employed $3,202,497 capital, and yielded $3.-
250,134 in products, Lumber is the chief item, of which about
300.000. 000 ft. are made annually. The leading agricultural sta-
tistics of 1885 gave: Wheat, 7,412. 000 bu. : oats, 3,095,000 bu. ; bar-
ley, 734,000 bu. ; potatoes, 1.136,000 bu.; hay, 190.994 tons; horses
81,945, value $5,526,821 ; milch-cows 56,730, value $1,815,360 ; cattle
286,358, value $7,445,388 ; aud sheep 544.548, value $1,223,491. The
mineral products of 1885 were : Precious metals, $190,000 ; and
coal, 950,615 tons.
Wyoming The Territory was organized in 1869, and has an
area of 97,890 sq. m. It is almost rectangular, lias 9 counties, and
is bounded N. by Montana ; E. by Dakota and Nebraska ; S. by
Colorado and Utah ; and W. by Utah, Idaho, and Montana. The
principal rivers are the Green, Snake, Big Horn, Powder. Big
Cheyenne, and North Platte. The Yellowstone Park in the N. W.
is a natural reservation, and its natural wonders make it a unique
region. It comprises 5,375 sq. m., and is more than 6.000 ft high.
The Territory is principally devoted to grazing. The population
in 1880 was 20,789. Cheyenne, the capital and leading city, has
almost 6,000 pop. In 1885 there w'ere 617 miles of railroad. Agri-
cultural statistics for 1885 were as follows : Wheat, 66.000 bu. :
oats, 84,000 bu. ; potatoes, 112,000 bu.; hay, 99,500 tons; liorses
72.000, value $3,825,360 ; milch-cows 56,730, value $1,815,360 ; cattle
1,280,916, value $32,022,900; sheep 518,406, value $1,072,188. Min-
eral productions in 1885 were : Coal, 2,421,984 long tons ; and pe-
troleum about 450,000 bbls. Tlte Territory is known to be rich in
the precious metals, copper, iron, tin, sulphur, and soda, but
they are not developed. Wyoming ranks seventh in cattle-raising
and eleventh in coal.
YELLOWSTONE PARK.
MAP OF YELLOWSTONE PARK.
The Yellowstone National Park, which Congress has
“ dedicated and set apart as a public park or pleasuring-ground
for the benefit and enjoyment of the people,” lies partly in Wy-
oming, and partly in Montana Territory, mostly between lati-
tude 41° and 45°, and longitude 110° and lil°. It is 05 miles N. and
S., and 55 miles E. and W., comprising 3,575 square miles, and
is all more than 0.000 feet above the sea-level. Yellowstone Lake
has an altitude of 7,788 ft,, and the mountain-ranges that hem in
the valleys on every side rise to the height of 10,000 and 12.000 ft.,
and are covered with perpetual snow. During June, July, and Au-
gust the atmosphere is pure and very invigorating, with scarcely
any rain, and storms of any kind are rare. The entire region was
at a comparatively recent geological period the scene of remarka-
ble volcanic activity. The most striking features of the Park are
its geysers, hot springs, waterfalls, and canons. In the number
and magnitude of its geysers and hot springs the Park surpasses
all the rest of the world. There are probably 50 geysers that
throw a column of water to a height of from 50 to 200 ft,, and from
5,000 to 10,000 springs, chiefly of two kinds, those depositing lime
and those depositing silica. . There is every variety of color, and
the deposits form around their border the most elaborate orna-
49
mentation. The temperature of the calcareous springs is from
160° to 170°; that, of the others rises to 200° or more. The chief
points of interest are the great geysers, The Giant and The
Giantess being the most noteworthy, the White Mountain Hot
Spring, with its wonderful terraces, the mud-volcanoes, Sulphur
Mountain and the soda springs, the great waterfalls and canons
of the Yellowstone River, and Yellowstone Lake. On the N. of
the Park are the sources of the Y'ellowstone ; on the W., those of
the principal forks of the Missouri : on the S. W. and S., those of
Snake River, flowing into the Columbia, and those of Green River,
a branch of the great Colorado, which enters into the Gulf of
California : while on the S. E. side are the numerous head-waters
of the Wind River. The best time to visit the Park is from July
15th to October 1st. Within the Park the various objects of inter-
est may be visited on horseback with perfect safety. There are
several hotels, but the most desirable way of seeing the wonders
of the Yellowstone to the best advantage is by camping out. In
this way sight-seeing may be united with the pleasures of hunting
and fishing, as the Park 'is full of large and small game, and ex-
cellent angling can be had in the Yellowstone River and Lake and
I the smaller streams.
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BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY.
One volume allowed at a time, and obtained only by
card ; to be kept r4 days (or seven^dayi in «gfct of fiction
and juvenile books published iMUJiiil onl yea?) wu/itjut fine;
not to ’WieSSenger after 21
days, who^B^l toItcct 20 cents besides fine of 2 cents a day,
including Sundays and holidays; not to be lent out of the
borrower’s household, and not to be transferred; to be re-
turned at this Hall.
Borrowers finding this book mutilated or unwarrantably
defaced, are expected to report it; and also any undue delay
in the delivery of books.
***No claim can be established because of the failure of
any notice, to or from the Library, through the mail.
The record below must not be made or altered by borrower.
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11